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CHAPTER 7 : IT OWNERSHIP - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7 : IT OWNERSHIP
1.The intangible creative work, not its physical form.
- Value of intelligence and artistic work comes from creativity, ideas, research, skills, labor, non-material efforts & attributes the creator provides.
- U.S copyright Law (Title 17 of U.S Code)
Types
- Patent
- An intellectual property right relating to inventions i.e. to advances made in a technical field
- Granted by government for a new, useful, and non-obvious invention.
- Things that patents cover(how things work, what they do, how they do it, what they are made of, how they are made.
- Trademark
- A distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of different businesses.
- Word, name, phrase, logo, image, symbol, design, or a combination of these elements, secured by legal registration.
- Copyright
- Granted for a limited, but long time between 10 - 30 years depending on jurisdiction, but more recently the life of the author plus several decades)
- The owner has 5 exclusive rights (Reproduction Right, Modification Right, Distribution Right, Public Performance Right, Public Display Right )
Copyrightable Works
- literary & artistic works, musical work, dramatic & musical works, motion picture and so on.
- Intellectual Property Laws
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- was founded in 1967 as one of the specialized agencies of United Nations organizations & responsible for the protection of the intellectual property
- Example - myIPO
Intellectual Property Laws in Malaysia - Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia Act 2002 (Act 617), Trade Marks Act 1976 (Act 175), Patents Act 1983 (Act 291), Industrial Designs Act 1996 (Act 552), Geographical Indications Act 2000 (Act 602), Copyright Act 1987 (Act 332) Layout Designs & Integrated Circuit Act 2000 (Act 601)
- Search Engine & Online Libraries
- Caching and displaying small excerpts is fair use.
- Creating and displaying thumbnail images is fair use
- Google negotiated licensing agreements with news services to copy and display headlines, excerpts, and photos.
Example :
Book Online
- Project Gutenberg digitizes books in the public domain.
- Microsoft scanned millions of public domain books in University of California's library.
- Google has scanned millions of books that are in the public domain and that are not; they display only excerpts from those still copyrighted
Free Software - an idea advocated and supported by a large, loose-knit group of computer programmers who allow people to copy, use, and modify their software. - Free is freedom of use, not necessarily lack of cost - Open source - software distributed or made public in source code (readable and modifiable)
GNU Project
- Began with a UNIX-like OS, a sophisticated text editor, & many compilers and utilities. (Developed by copy left concept)
- Now, hundreds of programs freely available and thousands of software available as Free Software.
Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work.
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- Digital technology and the Internet make copyright infringement easier and cheaper.
- New compression technologies make copying large files (e.g. graphics, video and audio files) feasible.
- Search engines make finding material easier.
- Peer-to-peer technology makes transferring and sharing files easier.
Example : Broadband, Miniaturization, Scanner
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