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CHAPTER 7: NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7: NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Nutrients During Lactation
Iron
Helps prevent iron-deficiency anemia
Lean meats, fortified cereals, legumes and leafy green vegetables
Protein
Helps build a baby's muscles, bones and other tissues
71 mg/day
Lean meat, poultry, fish, beans, peanut butter, eggs and tofu
Iodine
Helps the body's thyroid gland make hormones that help with growth and brain development
150 mg/day
Vitamin B6
Helps form a baby's red blood cells
Break down protein, fat and carbohydrates
Needed for normal brain development and function
poultry, fish, whole grains, fortified cereals and bananas
Healthy Fats
To fuel a baby's growth and development.
Important for the development of the brain and nervous system
Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados and salmon
Vitamin B12
Important role in the formation of a baby's red blood cells
Meat, eggs, Poultry, fish and low-fat milk
Folic Acid
Helps the healthy development of a baby's brain and spinal cord
needed to make red blood cells and white blood cells
Fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, beans and nuts
Vitamin A
Helps develop a baby's heart, eyes and immune system
Milk, orange fruits and vegetables, dark leafy greens
Fiber
Ease the constipation commonly associated with pregnancy
Fruits, vegetables and legumes
Vitamin C
Play important role in tissue growth and repair
Also in bone and tooth development
Helps the body to absorb iron
Citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes and fortified fruit juices
Carbohydrates
Helps provide energy to support the growth and development of a baby
Whole grains
Vitamin D
Aids in the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus for healthy bones and teeth
Fortified low-fat or fat-free milk, fortified orange juice, egg yolks and salmon
Calcium
Helps build strong bones and teeth
Plays an important role in the healthy functioning of the circulatory, muscular and nervous systems
1000 mg/day
Low-fat dairy products, calcium-fortified orange juice, cereals and spinach
NUTRITION FOR PREGNANT WOMAN
NUTRIENTS FOR BONE DEVELOPMENT
Calcium & Phosphorus
Intestinal absorption of calcium doubles in mother. Calcium is needed by the fetus as fetal bone are starting to develop
Food sources: milk, yogurt, cheese, green leafy vegetables, soya and others.
High phosphorus intake interfere with the absorption of calcium
Food sources: red meat with poultry, milk products, beans, nuts, fish, grains
Vitamin D
For calcium absorption and utilization
Deficiency of vit. D interferes with normal calcium metabolism causing rickets in the fetus and osteomalacia in the mother
Food sources: fatty fish like tuna & salmon, beef liver, cheese, egg yolks
Routine supplement is not recommended because of toxicity risk.
Magnesium
Needed for bone formation
Play role in the activation of vitamin D
Release parathyroid hormone that acts on the kidney and bone to raise blood calcium.
Food sources: fruits like banana & avocado, nuts, dairy products, breads, vegetables
Fluoride
Mineralization of the fetal teeth
Routine supplement is not recommended because can cause tooth decay to the infant.
Placenta may not defend well against fluoride excess
Sources: Fluoridated water
These nutrients are needed to build the skeleton.
To build a bone or a tooth, cells first lay down a matrix of the protein collagen and then fill it with crystals of minerals
Deficiency can cause abnormal fetal bone development
Nutrients for Energy
CARBOHYDRATES
Important for
Should account for 50% daily energy
Needs more, so protein can be spared for growth
Recommended Daily Intake
45-64% caloric intake
Sources
Milk
Legumes
Grains
Fruits and vegetables
VITAMIN B
Sources
Vegetables
Liver
Eggs
Important for
Absorption of Carbohydrates and Proteins
Vitamin B6 increase with protein intake increase
Recommended Daily Intake
Riboflavin
54mg/day
Niacin
7.5mg NE
Thiamin
1.5mg/day
Side Notes
At risk
Substance abusers
Pregnant adolescents
Women carrying more than one fetus
Recommended supplement for at risk
6mg
PROTEIN
Important for
Maternal Blood Volume
Growth of fetus
Growth of Maternal tissue
Growth of Placenta
Recommended Daily Intake
75-100g/day
Side Notes
Not recommended to eat supplements
Might cause preterm birth, prenatal defects, lower birth rate
Sources
Whole grain
Milk
Meat
Legumes
Nutrients for Blood Production and Cell Growth
FOLATE
Important for
DNA synthesis
Cell maturation
Purine and pyrimidine (amino acids) synthesis (DNA)
Recommended Daily Intake
1000 micrograms
Sources
Nuts
Green leafy vegetables
Liver
Side Notes
Supplements recommended for
Adolescents
Women carrying more than one fetus
Substance abusers
Deficiency can cause
Neural Tube Defects
Spina bifida
Placental, fetal abnormalities
VITAMIN B12
Sources
Fish
Egg
Meat
Milk products
Important for
Activating the Folate enzyme
Normal cell division
Protein Synthesis
Recommended Daily Intake
2.6 micrograms/day
Side Notes
At risk of deficiency
Vegetarians
Recommended foods
Cereals fortified with vitamin B12
Soy milk
Supplements
IRON
Sources
Meat
Legumes
Poultry
Fish
Important for
Support enlarged blood volume
Placental fetal needs
Fetus needs Iron to store, last through 4-6 months after birth
If blood loss during delivery
Recommended Daily Intake
30mg/day
Side Notes
Body Adaptations to extra iron
menstruation stops
Hormones mobilize iron from stores
Iron absorption triples
Transferrin synthesis increases. (Transferrin carries, absorbs Iron)
ZINC
Important for
Protein synthesis
Cell development
DNA and RNA synthesis
Recommended Daily Intake
7-10mg/day
Sources
Vegetarians
Pumpkin seeds
Chickpeas
Almonds
Oatmeal
Meats
oyster
Fish
Poultry
Side Notes
Excessive routine supplementation not recommended
May cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
OTHER NUTRIENTS
Vitamin A
Deficiency can cause fetal growth retardation, preterm birth and low birth weight.
Excessive supplementation is potentially harmful.
Food sources: carrot, eggs, cod liver oil, orange and yellow vegetables and fruits
Vitamin E
Functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant, protect the cell from damage by free radicals
In premature birth, the infant may need supplementation.
Food sources: vegetable oil, nuts, seeds, whole grain
Vitamin C
Form collagen that gives structure bone, blood vessel, cartilage and muscle.
Woman with few fetus, smoking, drinking alcohol or uses illicit drugs need to consume more vitamin C.
Food sources: Vegetables like broccoli, spinach & cabbage and fruits like orange and lemon
Iodine
Needed to produce thyroid hormones to regulate body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, the making of blood cells, nerve and muscle function
Deficiency can impairs fetal development causing retardation or cretinism
FOOD CHOICES
Beliefs & Superstitions
Irrational
People believe that over consumption or under consumption of craved food imparts physical or behavioral peculiarities to the infant
Cravings & Aversion
It does not shows physiological needs
Just a psychological factors.
Due to physiological factors or hormone-induce changes in sensitivity to taste and smell
Characteristics of breast milk
Carbohydrate
disaccharide lactose
keep the digestive system healthy
-calcium absorption
oligosaccharide and bifidus factor
infants can defend against bacteria
Protein
Major protein - alpha lactalbumin
low concentration of protein
protein fators
colostrum
bifidus factor
immunoglobulins
Lipid
source of energy
contains more than adequate
concentration of the essential fatty acid
infants digest fat in breast milk
Vitamins and mineral
Low electrolyte – low renal solute load
well absorbed zinc because of the presence of of binding proteins
NUTRIENTS DURING LABOR
Before Active Labor
Choose well-balanced snacks or meals that includes complex carbohydrates with some protein and healthy fat
During Labor
Consume foods that light and easy for your stomach to digest.
Easily digestible foods during pushing can help you to maintain your strength
Foods to avoid
Oranges-The acidity may cause an upset stomach
Protein and fat-These slow the rate that your muscles use energy supplied from the sugar
Drinking During Labor
Will help you to stay hydrated
During active stage, lemon-lime labor aid provides electrolytes, which are required for muscle contractions