Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY - Coggle Diagram
NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY
Energy Nutrients
Protein
Ensuring the proper growth of baby’s tissues & organs
Helps with breast and uterine tissue growth
Increasing blood supply (more blood to be sent to fetus)
Increase during each trimester of pregnancy.
Recommendation: 60 g/day
Uses of high protein supplement is discouraged
SOURCE:
Lean beef | Chicken | Salmon | Nuts | Legumes | Milk
Carbohydrates
50% total energy is derived from carbohydrates
Support the growth of fetus
Comprise 45-64% of daily calories
SOURCE:
Banana | Sweet potatoes | Grains | White breads | Vegetables
B vitamins
Vitamin B requirement is proportional to energy requirement.
Thiamin, B1(formation of TPP): 1.5 mg/day
Riboflavin, B2 (formation of FAD): 54 mg/day
Niacin: 7.5 mg NE
B5 recommendations increase, protein recommendation increase
Substances abusers, pregnant adolescents & carry more than 1 foetus woman is recommended to take supplement containing 2 mg B6
NUTRITION DURING LABOR
Needed when give birth takes 20 to 40 hours.
Labor is easier if pregnant women are well nourished and well hydrated from the start.
It is wise to eat periodically during labor ; take snacks along when going to the birthing center / hospital.
MATERNAL NUTRITION DURING LACTATION
Water
Major nutrient in breast milk
To prevent dehydration during lactation
Drink after each meal and each time the baby nurses
Energy & Energy Nutrients
Carbohydrate
Maternal diet has no effect on the carbohydrate content of breast milk
Protein
Maternal diet has no effect on the protein content of breast milk
Lipid
Maternal diet alters fatty acid composition of breast milk, but not the total fat concentration of breast milk
DHA increase if mother consumes oil rich in DHA. Cholesterol is unaffected
Vitamins & Minerals
Fat soluble vitamins
Breast milk may change with maternal dietary excesses and deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins, depending on the vitamin
Water soluble vitamin
Reflects maternal intake. Several vitamin deficient mothers produce vitamin deficient breast milk
Minerals
Unaffected by maternal diet
Nutrient Supplement
Well-balance diet
Some may need iron supplement to replenish the depletion of iron stores
Vegetarian women will need supplement
Breast Milk
Nutrient Composition
Carbohydrate
In the form of disaccharide lactose
Easily digested, facilitates calcium absorption
Oligosaccharide & bifidus factor non lactose carbohydrate, defend infants against harmful bacteria
Protein
Low protein concentration
contribute to low renal solute load
Alpha-lactalbumin ( major protein )
Efficiently digested & absorbed, richer in sulphur containing amino acid
All essential amino-acid in appropriate amount
Lipid
Source of energy in infant diet
Infant digest fat in breast milk more completely
Infants absorb monoglycerides with palmitic acid more efficiently
Breast milk contains more that adequate concentration of the essential fatty acid ( linoleic acid )
Contains 10 times more cholesterol that is needed for normal myelination in the central nervous system
Vitamin & Minerals
Contains all the vitamin and minerals needed for normal infant with the exception of vitamin D
Low electrolyte - low renal solute load
Low zinc quantities but efficient absorption because of the presence of binding protein
Contains amylase enzyme that facilitates starch digestion
Protein Factors
Colostrum
A premilk substances that contain mainly serum with antibodies & white blood cells
Bifidus factor
Microbial growth factors favoring the growth of harmless bacteria in the digestive tract ( lactobacillus bifidus )
Immunoglobulins
Protects the infant digestive tract against antigen. Lower incidence of intestinal infection
Lipase activity
Antimicrobial activity
Milk rich in fatty acids & monoglyceride
Lysoenzyme
Breaks apart bacterial wall, thus inhibiting bacterial growth in the digestive tract
Lactoferin
Antimicrobial activity
Binds iron, making it less available to bacteria in the intestinal tract, thus inhibiting their growth
Intestinal growth factor
Epidermal growth factor that stimulate growth of the intestinal cell. Allow damage cell to be replaced more rapidly than normal
Advantages
Protect infants against gastrointestinal infections
Protection against the development of allergies
Wide spectrum of flavors it introduces to an infant ( from mother's diet )
Blood Production & cell growth nutrients
Folate
Fundamental role in DNA synthesis, maturation of blood cells & synthesis purine (A & G) & pyrimidine (C,T & U) amino acids
Deficiency: placental & feta, abnormalities
Suggestion (Malaysian statistics): 1000 microgram/ day
Supplement intake is recommended for adolescents, woman with multiple fetus and woman who use alcohol, drug / cigarettes
SOURCE:
Green leafy vegetables | Liver | Nuts
Vitamin B12
Activate the folate enzyme
Require for normal cell division & protein synthesis
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics): 2.6 microgram/day
VEGETARIAN: recommended to take soy milk & cereal that is fortified with vitamin B12 & daily supplement
SOURCE:
Meat | Fish | Eggs | Milk products | Shellfish
Iron
Needed for support enlarged blood volume and to provide for placental & fetal need.
Fetal need the iron to store its own to last through 4 to 6 months after birth
Mothers will loss lots of blood during labour
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics ): 30 mg/day
SOURCE:
Liver | lean meat | Fortified bread & dried beans | Peas
BODY ADAPTATION :
Menstruation ceased
Iron absorption triples due to an increase in the synthesis of transferrin (iron-absorbing, iron carrying protein)
The hormones of pregnancy mobilise iron from the storage sites
Zinc
Required for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis & cell development
Recommendation: 7 to 10 mg/day
Excessive routine supplement is not recommended
SOURCE:
Meat | Fish | Poultry | Oyster | Crabmeat
Vegetarian
Oyster | Pumpkin seeds | Milk | Chickpeas
Bone Development Nutrient
Calcium & Phosphorus
Intestinal absorption of calcium in mother is doubled.
Fetal bone began to calsify, shift of calcium across placenta occurs
Recommended (Malaysia statistics): 1000 mg/day
SOURCES:
Milk | Cheese | Yogurt | Dark & green leafy vegetables | Soya bean products
High phosphorus will interfere with calcium absorption
SOURCES:
Red meat & poultry | Dried milk and milk product | Wheat germ | Yeast | Grains
Vitamin D
Helps the bone to absorb the calcium
Deficiency: interferes with normal calcium metabolism, resulting on rickets (fetus) and osteomalacia (mother)
Recommendation: 1.4 microgram/day
Routine supplement is not recommended (toxicity risk)
SOURCES:
Fatty fish species (Catfish, Salmon, Tuna, Mackerel)
Magnesium
Maintaining the bone structure.
Increasing bone density
Prevent the onset of osteoporosis
Participates in activation of vitamin D & in release of parathyroid hormone (acts on kidney and bone) to raise blood calcium
Recommendation: 400 mg/day
SOURCE:
Dairy products | Breads & Cereals | Legumes | Vegetables
Fluoride
Mineralisation of fetal teeth
Routine supplement is mot recommended (tooth decay in children)
Placenta may not defend well against fluoride excess
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics): 2.9 mg/day
SOURCE:
Fluoridated water
Other nutrient
Vitamin A
Deficiency: fetal growth retardation, preterm birth & low birth weight
Excessive supplementation is unnecessary & potentially harmful
Recommendation (Malaysia statistic): 27 to 29 microgram/day
SOURCE:
Carrot | | Milk | Pumpkins | Liver
Vitamin E
Lipid soluble antioxidant, protecting cells of the body from damage by harmful free radicals
In prematuree birth, the infant may need the supplement
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics): 7.5 mg/day
SOURCE:
Vegetables oil | Wheat germ | Whole nuts and grains
Vitamin C
Form the collagen (Collagen - give structure to bone, cartilage, muscle & blood vessel)
Woman with multiple fetus , use illicit drugs, smokes / drink alcohol need more vitamin C
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics): 7 to 10 mg/day
SOURCES:
citrus fruit | Strawberries | Tomatoes
Iodine
Internal part of 2 hormones released by thyroid glands (regulate body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth)
Deficiency: impairs fetal development, causing mental & physical retardation (cretinism)
Recommendation (Malaysia statistics): 250 mg/day