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NUTRITION - Coggle Diagram
NUTRITION
NUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY
CARBOHYDRATE
ENERGY SUPPLIER
- TO SPARE PROTEIN NEEDED FOR MATERNAL AND FETAL METABOLISM, FETAL AND PLACENTAL GROWTH
CONTRIBUTES TO 45-64% DAILY CALORIES NEEDED
E.G. MILK, LEGUMES, FRUIT, GRAINS, VEGES
PROTEIN
TO INCREASE MATERNAL BLOOD VOLUME, GROWTH OF FETUS, PLACENTA AND MATERNAL TISSUE
NEEDED 7.5 GRAM PER DAY
E.G. WHOLE GRAIN. MEATS, MILK, LEGUMES
B VITAMINS - ENERGY AND PROTEIN INTAKE
VITAMIN B REQUIREMENT PROPORTIONAL TO ENERGY REQUIREMENTS - HIGH VITAMIN B, HIGH ENERGY REQUIREMENT
HIGHER VITAMIN B RECOMMENDATION, HIGHER PROTEIN RECOMMENDATION
2 MG B VITAMINS DAILY IS RECOMMENDED
NUTRIENTS DURING LABOR
WATER FOR HYDRATION
SNACKS THAT EASILY DIGESTED FOR ENERGY
CAESAREAN : NEED TO FAST FOR 6 HOURS
NUTRIENTS DURING LACTATION
ENERGY & ENERGY NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
DOES NOT EFFECT THE CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
NEEDED TO PROVIDE ENERGY
PROTEIN
DOES NOT EFFECT THE CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
NEEDED TO HELP BODY RECOVER AFTER CHILD BIRTH
LIPID
ALTERS FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BREAST MILK
DHA IN BREAST MILK INCREASE IF MOTHER CONSUME OIL RICH IN DHA
WATER
MAJOR NUTRIENTS IN BREAST MILK
MOTHER NEEDS WATER TO PREVENT DEHYDRATION
DRINK WATER AFTER EACH MEAL AND EACH TIME AFTER BREAST FEEDING
WATER IS NOT THE FACTOR THAT CAN INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF BREAST MILK
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
CAN EFFECT THE CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN BREAST MILK CAN SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE INFANT'S HEALTH
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
CAN EFFECT THE CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
IF MOTHER CONSUME DEFICIENT VITAMIN, THIS WILL CAUSE DEFICIENT VITAMINS IN BREAST MILK
MINERALS
DOES NOT EFFECT THE CONTENT OF BREAST MILK
NUTRIENTS FOR BLOOD PRODUCTION AND CELL GROWTH
FOLATE
ROLE
- DNA SYNTHESIS, BLOOD CELLS MATURATION, PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE AMINO ACIDS SYNTHESIS
SUGGESTED INTAKE - 1000 MICROGRAM PER DAY
SUPPLEMENT RECOMMENDED FOR ADOLESCENTS, WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE FETUSES, WOMEN WHO USES ALCOHOL , DRUGS OR CIGARETTES - REQUIRES MORE OR INADEQUATE DIETARY INTAKE
E.G GREEN LEAFY VEGES, LIVER AND NUT
VITAMIN B12
ACTIVATE FOLATE ENZYME
CONTRIBUTES IN NORMAL CELL DIVISION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
NEEDED 2.6 MICROGRAM PER DAY
E.G MEAT, FISH, EGGS, MILK PRODUCTS
VEGETARIAN - HAVE TO EAT B12 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENT, SOY MILK AND CEREAL FORTIFIED WITH VITAMIN B12
IRON
SUPPORT FOR ENLARGED BLOOD VOLUME
PLACENTAL AND FETAL NEEDS - STORE FETAL'S IRON TO LAST 4 TO 6 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH
30 MILIGRAM PER DAY
E.G LIVER, LEAN MEAT, FORTIFIED BREAD, DRIED BEANS/ PEAS
MATERNAL'S BODY ADAPTATION TO INCREASING NEED OF IRON
MENSTRUATION CEASES
TRIPLE IRON ABSORPTION - TRANSFERRIN (IRON-ABSORBING, IRON CARRYING PROTEIN) INCREASE SYNTHESIS
PREGNANCY HORMONE MOBILIZE IRON FROM STORAGE - IRON AVAILABLE IN BLOOD
ZINC
DNA AND RNA SYNTHESIS, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL DEVELOPMENT
7-10 MILIGRAM PER DAY
E.G MEAT, OYSTER, POULTRY, FISH CRAB MEAT, SHRIMP | VEGETARIAN - OYSTER, PUMPKIN SEEDS, MILK, CHICKPEAS, INSTANT OATMEAL
NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT
FOR LACTATING WOMAN
IRON SUPPLEMENT
REPLENISH THE THE DEPLETION OF IRON STORES
VEGETARIAN WOMAN
IRON
CALCIUM
VITAMIN B12
ZINC
CHARACTERISTIC OF
BREAST MILK
CARBOHYDRATE
DISACCHARIDE LACTOSE
EASY TO DIGEST
FACILITATE CALCIUM ABSORPTION
OLIGOSACCHARIDE & BIFIDUS FACTOR
DEFEND INFANTS AGAINST HARMFUL BACTERIA
PROTEIN
CONTAINS ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
FOR INFANTS TO OBTAIN GROWTH AND NITROGEN BALANCE
ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN
FACILITATE ABSORPTION OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS
LOW PROTEIN CONCENTRATION
LOW RENAL SOLUTE LOAD
PROTEIN FACTORS
COLOSTRUM
SERUM WITH ANTIBODIES AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS
BIFIDUS FACTORS
FOR GROWTH OF GOOD AND HARMLESS BACTERIA IN DIGESTIVE TRACT
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
PROTECT INFANTS DIGESTIVE TRACT AGAINST ANTIGEN
LIPID
SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR INFANTS
BECAUSE INFANT DIGEST FATS COMPLETELY
CONTAIN MORE THAN ADEQUATE CONCENTRATION OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
FACILITATE THE ABSORPTION OF LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS
CONTAIN 10 TIMES MORE CHOLESTEROL
NEEDED FOR NORMAL MYELINATION IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
VITAMINS & MINERALS
CONTAINS ALL VITAMINS AND MINERALS NEEDED EXCEPT VITAMIN D
LOW ELECTROLYTE
LOW ZINC
OTHERS
LIPASE
TO BREAK DOWN LIPID
LYSOENZYME
BREAKS BACTERIA WALLS TO INHIBIT ITS GROWTH
LACTOFERIN
BINDS IRON SO THAT LESS AVAILABLE TO THE BACTERIA IN INTESTINAL TRACT TO PREVENT THE GROWTH OFTHE BACTERIA
INTESTINAL GROWTH FACTOR
STIMULATE THE GROWTH OF INTESTINAL CELLS
NUTRIENTS FOR BONE DEVELOPMENT
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
1000 MILIGRAM PER DAY
EG MILK, CHEESE, YOGHURT, DARK AND GREEN LEAFY VEGES , SOYA BEAN PRODUCTS
PHOSPHORUS - HIGH IS NOT GOOD, INTERFERE CALCIUM INTAKE
EG RED MEAT AND POULTRY, DRIED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS , WHEAT GERM, YEAST, GRAINS
VITAMIN D
CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND UTILISATION
LACK VITAMIN D - NOT NORMAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION
FETUS - RICKETS, MOTHER - OSTEOMALACIA
EG FATTY FISH SPECIES- CATFISH, SALMON, MACKEREL, TUNA
MAGNESIUM
CRUCIAL FOR BONE FORMATION
ACTIVATE VITAMIN D - RELEASE PARATHYROID HORMONE - RAISE BLOOD CALCIUM IN KIDNEY AND BONE
400 MILIGRAM PER DAY
EG DAIRY PRODUCTS, BREADS AND CEREALS, LEGUMES, VEGES
FLUORIDE
FETAL TEETH MINERALISATION
ROUTINE SUPPLEMENT NOT RECOMMENDED - CAUSE TOOTH DECAY
EXCESS FLUORIDE- - PLACENTA DOESNT DEFEND WELL - ADVERSE EFFECT ON CHILDS INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
2.9 MILIGRAM PER DAY
EG FLUORIDATED WATER
OTHER NUTRIENTS
VITAMINS
A
LACK - FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
27 - 29 MICROGRAM PER DAY
EG CARROTS, PUMPKINS, LIVER
E
LIPID-SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANTS - PROTECT CELL FROM HARMFUL FREE RADICALS
7.5 MILIGRAM PER DAY
EG VEGE OIL, WHEAT GERM , WHOLE GRAINS AND NUTS
C
FORM COLLAGEN - GIVE STRUCTURE TO BONE, CARTILAGE, MUSCLE AND BLOOD VESSEL
7 - 10 MILIGRAM PER DAY
IODINE
INTERNAL PART OF TWO HORMONES BY THYROID GLAND
REGULATE BODY TEMP, METABOLIC RATE, REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, THE MAKING OF BLOOD CELLS, NERVE AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
MATERNAL LACK IODINE - FETAL DEVELOPMENT IMPAIRED, FETAL MENTAL AND PHYSICAL RETARDATION (CRETINISM)
HEALTH ADVANTAGES OF BREAST MILK
PROTECT AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
PROTECT AGAINTS DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES
WIDE SPECTRUM OF FLAVOURS
CRAVING AND AVERSION
DID NOT REFLECT PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDED
DUE TO HORMONES INDUCE CHANGE IN SENSITIVITY OF TASTE
VEGETARIAN DIETS DURING PREGNANCY
NEED A WELL-PLANNED DIET
ADEQUATE FOOD ENERGY
INCLUDE EGGS AND MILK
MAY NEED SUPPLEMENT (STRICT VEGETARIAN) : VITAMIN B12, VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, IRON,
BELIEFS AND SUPERSTITIONS
IRRATIONAL - ACCORDING TO LOGICAL THINKING
EG OVER OR UNDER CONSUMPTION OF CRAVED FOODS IMPAIRS PHYSICAL OR BEHAVIORAL PECULIARITIES TO INFANT