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Defense System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - infections by opportunistic pathogens
        
        pathogens that most people are constantly in contact with
        
        or even that naturally occur in our bodies
        
        but which a healthy immune system will prevent from causing disease
        
        (which doesn't happen with people with AIDS)
        
        in an immunosuppressed person, those opportunistic pathogens are free to manifest themselves
        
        one of the main consequences of an HIV infection the loss of the ability to produce antibodies
        
        due to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes
- - - - over use of antibiotics
      - patients not completing course of antibiotics to eliminate infections completely
      - improper hygiene of hospital environments and personal
      - use of antibiotics in livestock
      - lack of investment in the development of new antibiotics by pharmaceutical companies
- - - - clotting factors
      - protrhombin --> thrombin
      - fibrinogen --> fibrin
    - - platelets
      - red and white blood cells
  - - - the damaged cells on the inner lining of the blood vessel secrete clotting factors
    - - the clotting factors attract platelets, which start to adhere to each other and to the borders of the ripped vessel, forming a temporary plug
    - - The damaged vessel cells and the platelets secrete other clotting factors that convert prothrombin into thrombin
    - - Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
    - - Fibrin forms a mesh-like network where more platelets are trapped, together with red and white blood cells
        
        forming a more stable and stronger plug
        
        which prevents bleeding until the vessel lining is fully reconstituted
- - - - rich in lysosomes
      - ust distinguish cells or particls as "self" or "not-self"
      - "not-self" cells/particles are phagocytized
  - - - are proteins produced by leucocytes as part of the acquired immunity
      - they are produced to fight specifically one type of pathogen
      - they bind to regions of the pathogen called antigens
      - each antibody reacts and activates one specific antigen
      - the same pathogen has several different antigens
        
        therefore, it will trigger the production of several different types of antibody
        
        antibodies are produced by leucocytes called B lymphocytes
        
        Each B lymphocyte produces only one type of antibody
        
        antibody production :
        
        antigen presentation by macrophage
        
        T-lymphocyte (helper T cell_ binds to it and is activated
        
        T-cell activates B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies against that antigen
        
        The activated B-lymphocytes clone themselves several times
        
        Most of the B-lymphocytes become plasma cells, which only produce antibodies
        
        increasing the number of cells that produce antibodies against that antigen
    - - it provides an "immunological memory"