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Nutrition During Pregnancy And Labor, -50% daily energy should come from…
Nutrition During Pregnancy And Labor
Nutrition During Pregnancy
Energy nutrients
Carbohydrates
Protein
B vitamins
Nutrient for bone development
Vitamin D
-important for calcium absorption and utilisation
-5 microgram/day
sunlight,egg yolk,liver,fatty fish,butter,fortified milk
Fluoride
-mineralisation of fetal teeth
-placenta cannot defend well against excess fluoride
-2.9mg/day
-fluoridated water
Calcium and Phosphorus
-absorption of calcium doubles in mother
-formation of bone in fetus
-1300mg/day
-milk,cheese,yogurt,calcium rich food,calcium fortified food
-high phsophorus intake interfere with the absorption of calcium
-can be found in additive in process food
Magnesium
-important in bone formation
-vital in activation of vitamin D and release of parathyroid hormone
-400mg/day
-grains,seafood,green vegetable
Nutrient for blood production and cell growth
Vitamin B12
-Activate folate enzyme
-required for normal cell division and protein synthesis
-2.2 microgram/day
-meat,fish,eggs and milk products
Iron
-needed to support enlarged blood volume
-Fetal need the iron to store its own to last through 4 to 6 months after birth
-30mg/day
-meat,fish,poultry,legumes,dark green vegetable,iron forfeited cereal
-Menstruation ceases
Folate
-DNA synthesis,maturation of blood cells
-synthesis purine and pyrimidine amino acids
-400 microgram/day
-fruit juices,green vegetables,whole grain or fortified cereal
Zinc
-for DNA and RNA synthesis,protein synthesis and cell development
-11mg/day
meat,fish,poultry,oyster,crabmeat,shrimp,black eyed peas,kidney bean
Other nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Iodine
Nutrition During Labor
Needed when labor takes place 20 to 40 hours.
Maternal Nutrition During Lactation.
Water
-major nutrient in breast milk.
-increase milk supply
-to prevent dehydration during lactation.
Carbohydrate
-maternal diet has no effect on the carbohydrate content of breast milk
Protein
-maternal diet has no effect on the protein content of the breast milk
Lipid
-maternal diet alters the fatty acid composition of breast milk not the total fat composition of the breast milk
-DHA increase if mother consumes oil rich in DHA .
Vitamins And Minerals
Fat Soluble Vitamins
-Breast milk may change with maternal dietary excesses and deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins
Water Soluble Vitamin
-reflects maternal intake
Minerals
-Unaffected by maternal diet
Labor is easier if pregnant women are well nourished and well hydrated at the start
Nutrient Supplement for Lactating Women
-well balanced diet
-Some may need iron supplement to replenish the depletion of iron stores
-Vegetarian women will need supplement
Characteristics of Breast Milk
Nutrient component in breast milk
-Carbohydrate
-Disaccharide lactose
--Easily digested, facilitates calcium absorption
-Oligosaccharide and bifidus factor-nonlactose carbohydrate
-defend infants against harmful bacteria
-Contains amylase enzyme that facilitates starch digestion
-Protein
Low protein concentration
-contribute to low renal solute load
Alpha-lactalbumin
-Major protein in breast milk (20-25% of total protein)
-Efficiently digested and absorbed, richer in sulphur containing amino acid
Protein Factors
-Colostrum
-A premilk substances that contain mainly serum with antibodies and white blood cells
Bifidus factor
-Microbial growth factors favoring the growth of harmless bacteria in the digestive tract (lactobacillus bifidus)
Immunoglobulins
-Protects the infant digestive tract against antigen (Ig A). Lower incidence of intestinal infection
-Lipid
-Source of energy in infant diet
-Infant digest fat in breast milk more completely
-Infants absorb monoglycerides with palmitic acid more efficiently
-Breast milk contains more than adequate concentration of the essential fatty acid (linoleic acid)
-Contains 10 times more cholesterol that is needed for normal myelination in the central nervous system
-Vitamin And Minerals
-contains all the vitamin and minerals needed for normal infant
-low electrolyte-low renal solute load
-low zinc quantities
-Health advantages of breast milk.
-Protect infants against gastrointestinal infections
-Protection against the development of allergies
-Wide spectrum of flavors it introduces to an infant (from mother’s diet)
Beliefs and superstitions
-irrational
-women believe that over consumption of craved food imparts physical or behavioral peculiarities of infant
Cravings and aversion
-These likes and dislikes are common
-did not reflect physiological needs
-due to physiological factors or hormone-induce changes in sensitivity to taste and smell
-50% daily energy should come from carbohydrates to spare the protein
-250g/day
-milk,legumes,fruit,grains and vegetables
-Expansion of maternal blood volume
-growth of fetus,placenta and maternal tissue
-75-100g/day
-whole grains,meats,milk,legumes
-increase as energy requirements increase
-Thiamin:1.5mg/day
-Riboflavin:1.6mg/day
-Niacin:17mg RE/day
-supplements
-deficiency cause fetal growth retardation,preterm birth,low birth weight
-800microgram RE/day
-carrot,pumpkins,liver,milk,eggs,potatoes
-Break fat in fetus during fat accumulation in 8-10 weeks of pregnancy
-15mg alpha-TE/day
-vegetable oil,wheat germ,whole grains and nuts
-Form collagen
-women with multiple fetuses,uses ilicit drugs,smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol need more vitamin C
-70mg/day
-internal part of two hormones released by thyroid gland
-deficiency cause cretism
175 microgram/day
-needs extra 300kcal per day
-during 2nd and 3rd trimesters