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COVID 19 risks FOOD SECURITY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Poorest households use approx. 70% of income for food
        
        Unstable income, thus, vulnerable to food insecurity
      - Poverty
        
        Increase in poverty due to COVID
        
        90 - 150 million people could fall into poverty
        
        increase between 15-24%
        
        Mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
        
        Affect of Poverty on Food Security
        
        people in poverty lack the resource to buy food to avoid hunger and undernourishment
        
        change to cheaper and less nourished food
        
        leads to long term effect on young children. E.g. impaired cognitive & growth development
        
        Growth development: Rickets (lack of calcium), Night Blindness (lack of vitamin A), kwashiorkor (lack of protein).
        
        Cognitive Development: brain development (size & no.of neurone, neural pathways created)
        
        "shifts limit declines in calorie intake but increase deficiencies of micronutrient consumption"
      - World economy affected
        
        International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts a 5% decline
        
        Worst than 2008-2009 economic crisis
        
        DUE TO declines in trade, oil, commodity prices & restriction on international flights and cargo
  - - - Developed, Rich countries are affected minimally as the large production of staple crops are mainly mechanised with a few socially distanced workers.
      - non-staple foods (fruits and vegetables) unable to be mechanised as it is expensive. Therefeore, Proper labour work needed for planting, weeding, harvesting (labour intensive)
        
        THESE LABOUR INTENSIVE FARMING require to adjust their working styles for the safety of their product and the workers.
        
        This is done through: Changes to their routines to reduce interaction and transmission of the disease
        
        avoid high concentration of workers
        
        Employing a staggered shift system to enforce proper social distancing
        
        On the other hand, these workers are still provided a job and a living wage. However, due to less trade, selling product; companies are required to let go workers who they are not able to provide a salary.
    - - Priority for staple foods to be transported to consumers - enforced by worldwide governments
      - Labour intensive chains are more affected than modern/mechanised chains
      - Modern chains affected severely as well.
        
        Closing of modern food-processing plants due to the high number of COVID CASES
        
        Due to increase no.of restaurants, households unable to afford higher-quality, more expensive products. Food plants require to decrease the costs they input into the production of the products to ensure purchases and to earn a profit.
      - Disruption of public food distribution systems
        
        E.g. (India & USA) Schools provide feeding programmes ensuring that children are provided with sufficient energy consumption and a nutritious meal.
        
        National lockdowns resulted in the failure of these safety-net plans resulting in children who are deprived of food while wasting large amounts of food.
    - - Trade within and between countries allowed diversification of supplies and reduce vulnerability
        
        However, the trade also had to be controlled to ensure that prices weren't rising too rapidly.
        
        While the intention is to keep the prices low, during this COVID pandemic, these policies had lead to large sudden increases in world prices and PRICE VOLATILITY
        
        This is because the policies that restrict the amount of export and import, cause stocks accumulating and instability of food supply.
        Thus, stocks accumulating in the home country results in a decrease in prices thus, affected farmers
        
        Whereas, instability of food supply to the receiving country, results in spikes in prices as prices are hiked up due to low supply and high demand.
- - - - Provide slightly more to allow the people in need to decide how to best meet nutritional requirements.
      - Provide the people who are most in need
        
        Women/ Pregnant women/ Single mothers
        
        Fiscal Challenges: easing financial commitments (for the moment)
    - - Should provide financial support to poorer countries
      - In result, aiding global economy recovery
      - Avoid enormous humanitarian cost
    - - Incentives and support for transportation of products to areas that require the supply
      - ease trade restrictions
    - - 70% OF NEW INFECTIOUS DISEASES HAVE THEIR SOURCE IN ANIMALS. THEREFORE, IMPLEMENT AN EARLY DETECTION SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY ANY DISEASES AND ISSUES BEFORE IT ESCALATES.