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Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("Gymnosperms") -…

- - - - small
      - simple
    - - flattened
  - - - location
        
        flat sporophylls
- - - - conifers
      - cycads
    - - megaphyllous
    - - unlimited growth potential
      - producing
        
        secondary
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
    - - parenchyma
        
        little to no axial
      - elongated tracheids
      - rays
        
        tall
        
        uniseriate
      - cork cambium
        
        produced
        
        bark
    - - heterosporous
      - megaspores shed through longitudinal slits in sporangia
      - remarkably simple
    - - Genera
        
        Aneurophyton
        
        Protopteridium
        
        Proteokalon
        
        Tetraxylopteris
        
        Triloboxylon
        
        Eospermatopteris
      - Stature
        
        shrubs
        
        large trees
      - tissue
        
        vascular cambium
        
        secondary growth
        
        stem
        
        primary xylem
        
        protostele
    - - Genera
        
        Archaeopteris
      - tissue
        
        wood
        
        secondary phloem
        
        stems
        
        siphonostele
        
        pith surrounded by
        
        ring of primary xylem bundles
      - megaphylls
      - reproduction
        
        heterosporous
        
        megasporangia
        
        terminal
        
        released megaspores
    - - integument
        
        surrounded megasporangium
        
        micropyle
        
        hole in integument
        
        permitted sperm to swim to egg
- - - - differentiated as parenchyma
    - - produced
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
    - - manoxylic
- - - - endodermis
      - transfusion tissue
        
        transfusion parenchyma
        
        transfusion tracheids
  - - - lacks sieve tubes
    - - thin
    - - produces
        
        bark
- - - - long
      - wide
    - - massive
  - - - seed cones
      - pollen cones
- - - - 30 species
    - - 40 species
      - tough shrubs
      - bushes