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Friends and peers - Coggle Diagram
Friends and peers
Peer Vs Friend
Hartup (1989)
peer relationships are horizontal
Peer groups formed in same social group
Skills acquired through peers
Sharing
Coping with hostility
Leadership
Conflict solutions
P Vs F
Peer = another child in the same social group
Friend = someone chosen from peer group to form close bond with
Peer acceptance and sociometric methods
differs from friendship
One-sided perspective of the group on a particular child
More peer acceptance = more friends
Sociometric methods
Nominate 3 peers they like and 3 they dislike
Peer Status
Rejected
Range of emotional and behavioural difficulties with few to no friends
Sub-types
Aggressive
Withdrawn
Controversial
Display a mix of positive and negative social behaviours
Popular
Associated with positive outcomes and large friendship group
Sub-types
Pro-social
Agressive
Neglected
Few friends but well adjusted
May be labelled as shy but not less socially skilled
Self-report that measures social preference
Peer acceptance = likeability
Age and gender differences in peer
relationships
Gender
Benenson et al (1997)
Examined if 4-year-old and 6-year-old boys and girls differed in the amount of dyadic vs group interaction that takes place
Findings
No difference of % in dyads for boys at 4 and 6
4 year old girls spent less time in dyads than boys however it increases, and girls aged 6 spend more time than boys in dyads.
Boys increase group interactions at age 6
how boys and girls differ
Girls have more dyadic interaction
Boys tend to gather in groups
3 years old
Gestures to resolve conflict is more likely directed to the same-sex peers
Girls are more likely to share toys with other girls
Age
Middle childhood and adolescence
Become more selective with friendships
Friendships become more gender segregated
Entry to school = increase in peer interaction = increase concern of acceptance
Social hierarchy begins to develop
Infancy
1 year - interaction is occasionally reciprocal
2 years - Co-ordinated interaction
6 months - interactions include direct smiles and babbles
3-4 months - interactions are looking and touching
Pre-school
Peer interaction through play exchanges
Parten (1932)
Parallel play
Social interaction
Non-social activity
Awareness of self-and-other
Play develops social skills and competencies
Technology and friendships
Socially anxious boys report better offline friendships when playing online games than when playing games alone.
Negative effects on well-being and depression due to "Facebook envy"
What is Friendship?
Child friendships defined by
Desire to spend time with
Fun and express affection
Liking for each other
Equal benefit
Hartup (1989)
95% of child friendships are same-sex
Co-operation and reciprocity
Markers of friendship
Mutual understanding
Loyalty
Equal power base
Disclosure of secrets
Contribution of peers to development
Piaget (1932)
Disequilibrium triggers developmental change
Peers allow for socio-cognitive conflict