PLASTICS
Plastics are materials formed by polymers. The polymers in plastics are
made from long chains of carbon atoms.
Origin and transformation of plastics
Synthetic plastics
Natural plastics
are obtained directly from raw vegetable matenals
— for example, cellulose or latex, or from animal proteins.
s are made from compounds extracted from
petroleum,, natural gas and carbon The maionty of plastics belong to this group.
The transformation of these raw matenals and compounds into plastics
is called polymerisation.
Properties of plastics
rigidity
elasticity
flexibtflty
Strength
, there are other properties that are common to the maionty of decompose by a natural,
plastics
electrical
thermal
acoustic
other properties
mechanical
malleabrlity, ductility, mechanical resistance
acoustic insulation
electical insulation
thermal insulation
: low density, impermeabihty
Ecological properties
There are three recycling processes; chemical,
mechantcal and energetrc
Mechanical recycling. We make new products from plastic
granules The process has five stages.
Energetic recycling. We can incinerate plastics and the energy that is produced is used tn industry, for heating or producing electnctty.
Chemical recycling. We apply chemical processes to make netv
matenals from the ongtnal components of plasuc residues.
Agglutination
Extrusion
Floating
Pelletising
Separation and crushing
Classification of plastics
Thermoplastics
When we heat them, they become soft, which allows them to be formed into different shapes
They' re made up of weakly formed molecular chains.
The heating and cooling process
can be repeated many times.
We manufacture thermoplastics from compounds adquired from petroleum
Thermostable plastics
They are formed by strongly-linked
chams runmng in different directions
When heated, they become soft and can be shaped When cooled, they cannot be remoulded by applying heat
These plastics are made from compounds dertved from petroleum
Elastomers
They are hard, resistant and very elastic — stretching easily under force.
They' re formed by chains linked laterally and then folded over themselves, like a ball of wool or strtng
Made by vulcanisationi mixing sulphur and rubber, and heating to 160ºC
Formation techniques
We use different formation techniques depending on the type and use of the plastic
When we manufacture plasttc obiects ln Industry, the plastic Is avadable In three different forms, powder, granules and resins.
Extrusion
This technique has four stages
We cool the shaped material slowly In a refngerated water bath until lt's solid
We apply pressure by means of a large, rotattng screw, whtch forces the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle
Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system
We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder
Extrusion
This technique has four stages
We cool the shaped material slowly In a refngerated water bath until lt's solid.
We apply pressure by means of a large, rotattng screw, whtch forces the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle
Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system.
We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder
Lamination
Thermoplastic produced by the extrusion method ls passed through a senes of hot cylinders to produce sheets of varying thtckness
With this technique, we can produce different finishes, for example, glossy, matt or textured. This depends on the outer coating applied by the final cylinder.
Vacuum forming
We extract the air below the sheet so that the plastic ts pulled against
the instde walls of the shaped mould, and the desired form ts created
We then use a heater to heat the mould and soften the plasuc.
We put thermoplasttc into a mould
We leave the mould to cool, then remove the obiect
Moulding
blow moulding
compression
injection
Shaping and finishing technique
Perforating
Trimming and filing
Cutting
Joining plastics
When plastics have been formed, shaped and finished, we
can loin pieces to each other
Joining plasti
Temporary joints
permanent joints
Mechanical fasteners
soldering
Adhesives
Standard screw
Double ended screw
Nut and bolt
Joining thermoplasti«s using heat and preasure
Joining two surfaces permanently