PLASTICS

Plastics are materials formed by polymers. The polymers in plastics are
made from long chains of carbon atoms.

Origin and transformation of plastics

Synthetic plastics

Natural plastics

are obtained directly from raw vegetable matenals
— for example, cellulose or latex, or from animal proteins.

s are made from compounds extracted from
petroleum,, natural gas and carbon The maionty of plastics belong to this group.

The transformation of these raw matenals and compounds into plastics
is called polymerisation.

Properties of plastics

rigidity

elasticity

flexibtflty

Strength

, there are other properties that are common to the maionty of decompose by a natural,
plastics

electrical

thermal

acoustic

other properties

mechanical

malleabrlity, ductility, mechanical resistance

acoustic insulation

electical insulation

thermal insulation

: low density, impermeabihty

Ecological properties

There are three recycling processes; chemical,
mechantcal and energetrc

Mechanical recycling. We make new products from plastic
granules The process has five stages.

Energetic recycling. We can incinerate plastics and the energy that is produced is used tn industry, for heating or producing electnctty.

Chemical recycling. We apply chemical processes to make netv
matenals from the ongtnal components of plasuc residues.

Agglutination

Extrusion

Floating

Pelletising

Separation and crushing

Classification of plastics

Thermoplastics

When we heat them, they become soft, which allows them to be formed into different shapes

They' re made up of weakly formed molecular chains.

The heating and cooling process
can be repeated many times.

We manufacture thermoplastics from compounds adquired from petroleum

Thermostable plastics

They are formed by strongly-linked
chams runmng in different directions

When heated, they become soft and can be shaped When cooled, they cannot be remoulded by applying heat

These plastics are made from compounds dertved from petroleum

Elastomers

They are hard, resistant and very elastic — stretching easily under force.

They' re formed by chains linked laterally and then folded over themselves, like a ball of wool or strtng


Made by vulcanisationi mixing sulphur and rubber, and heating to 160ºC

Formation techniques

We use different formation techniques depending on the type and use of the plastic

When we manufacture plasttc obiects ln Industry, the plastic Is avadable In three different forms, powder, granules and resins.

Extrusion

This technique has four stages

We cool the shaped material slowly In a refngerated water bath until lt's solid

We apply pressure by means of a large, rotattng screw, whtch forces the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle

Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system

We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder

Extrusion

This technique has four stages

We cool the shaped material slowly In a refngerated water bath until lt's solid.

We apply pressure by means of a large, rotattng screw, whtch forces the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle

Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system.

We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder

Lamination

Thermoplastic produced by the extrusion method ls passed through a senes of hot cylinders to produce sheets of varying thtckness

With this technique, we can produce different finishes, for example, glossy, matt or textured. This depends on the outer coating applied by the final cylinder.

Vacuum forming

We extract the air below the sheet so that the plastic ts pulled against
the instde walls of the shaped mould, and the desired form ts created

We then use a heater to heat the mould and soften the plasuc.

We put thermoplasttc into a mould

We leave the mould to cool, then remove the obiect

Moulding

blow moulding

compression

injection

Shaping and finishing technique

Perforating

Trimming and filing

Cutting

Joining plastics

When plastics have been formed, shaped and finished, we
can loin pieces to each other

Joining plasti

Temporary joints

permanent joints

Mechanical fasteners

soldering

Adhesives

Standard screw

Double ended screw

Nut and bolt

Joining thermoplasti«s using heat and preasure

Joining two surfaces permanently