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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders & Chapter 16: Therapy and…
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders & Chapter 16: Therapy and Treatment
CH. 15
Schizophrenia
- a psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior.
Hallucination
- a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
Delusions
- beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence
Paranoid delusions
- involve the belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
Grandiose delusions
- beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
Somatic delusions
- belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one’s body
Disorganized thinking
- refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes
Disorganized/abnormal motor behavior
- refers to unusual behaviors and movements
Catatonic behaviors
- show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior
Negative symptoms
- those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
Causes
Dopamine hypothesis
- proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
Ventricles
- larger than normal ventricles suggests that various brain regions are reduced in size, thus implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of brain tissue
Prodromal symptoms
- minor symptoms of psychosis
Mood Disorders
- characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions
Depressive disorders
- a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature
Hopelessness theory
- postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
Rumination
- the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms
Bipolar & related disorders
- a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature
Mania
- a state of extreme elation and agitation
Major depressive disorder
- depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
Suicidal ideation
- thoughts of death, thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.
Seasonal pattern
- situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
Peripartum onset
- applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child
Persistent depressive disorder
- depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
- mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Manic episode
- a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week
Flight of ideas
- abruptly switching from one topic to another
Suicide
- death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) -
Flashbacks
- states that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment
Perspectives on psychological disorders
Supernatural
- attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding
Diathesis-stress model
- integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder
Diagnosing & Classifying psychological disorders
Diagnosis
- appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
- the one that is used by most mental health professionals in the United States
Comorbidity
- the co-occurrence of two disorders
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
- A second classification system
Psychological disorders
- a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Psychopathology
- the study of psychological disorders
Etiology
- causes
Atypical
- deviating from the norm
Disorders in childhood
Neurodevelopmental disorders
- a group of conditions that, when present, are diagnosed early in childhood, often before the time a child enters school
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning
Autism spectrum disorder
- show signs of significant disturbances in three main areas
Personality disorders
- exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment
Borderline personality disorder
- characterized chiefly by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity
Antisocial personality disorder
- shows no regard at all for other people’s rights or feelings
Dissociative disorders
- characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from her core sense of self
Dissociative amnesia
- unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
Dissociative fugue
- they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
- characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
Dissociative identity disorder
- exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another
Anxiety disorders
- characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
Specific phobia
- excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
Agoraphobia
- intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
Social anxiety disorder
- characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
Safety behaviors
- mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes
Panic disorder
- experience recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks
Panic attack
- defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
Locus coeruleus
- may play a role in this disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
- a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
Obsessive-Complusive & Related disorders
- a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts
Body dysmorphic disorder
- a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
Hoarding disorder
- cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are
Causes
Orbitofrontal cortex
- an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
CH. 16
Treatment types
Psychotherapy
- a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
Psychoanalysis
- therapists help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings
Free association
- the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment
Dream analysis
- a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams
Transference
- the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst
Play therapy
- therapist observes how the child interacts with toys in an effort to understand the roots of the child’s disturbed behavior
Behavior therapy
- a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
Counterconditioning
- a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
Aversive conditioning
- uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior
Exposure therapy
- a therapist seeks to treat clients’ fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem
Systematic desensitization
- a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli
Virtual Reality Exposure therapy
- using a simulation to help conquer fears
Token economy
- involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for items or privileges
Cognitive therapy
- a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
- one of the first forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Humanistic therapy
- goal is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
Client-centered therapy
- emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life’s challenges
Nondirective therapy
- a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings
Unconditional positive regard
- not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are
Biomedical therapy
- involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
Mental health treatment: Past & Present
Asylums
- the first institutions created for to house people with psychological disorders; focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders
Deinstitutionalization
- the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
Involuntary treatment
- refers to therapy that is not the individual’s choice
Voluntary treatment
- means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms
Treatment modalities
Confidentiality
- means the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so
Intake
- the therapist’s first meeting with the client to assess their clinical needs
Individual therapy
- the client and clinician meet one-on-one
Group therapy
- clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems
Couples therapy
- two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them
Family therapy
- special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families
Structural family therapy
- the therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family
Strategic family therapy
- the goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time
Sociocultural model & Therapy utilization
Cultural competence
- means mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity
Substance-related & Addictive disorders
Relapse
- return to abusing drugs and/or alcohol after a period of improvement
Comorbid disorders
- the individual has two or more diagnoses