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exercise physiology Pt 1 Ch 5 - Coggle Diagram
exercise physiology Pt 1 Ch 5
Best indicator of one's aerobic fitness: VO2 max
its the best because it is dependent on several factors:
-cardiac output
-ventilatory capacity
-circulation
-ability of tissues to remove O2 from blood
Limiting factors:
-in healthy individuals, max cardiac output
-asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, ventilatory capacity
-emphysema, abnormalities in ventilation-perfusion ratio of lungs
-peripheral vascular disease, decreased tissue perfusion
other indicators
blood lactate threshold: intensity of exercise when there is sudden increase in lactate in the blood
ventilatory threshold: intensity of exercise when there is sudden increase in ventilation corresponding to the development of metabolic acidosis during exercise
Stroke volume response to exercise in fit vs sedentary (upright exercise)
-stroke volume increases until max VO2 is achieved in fit individuals
-SV increases until ~50% max VO2 is achieved and then remains steady in untrained individuals
-max stroke volume and SV at sub max exercise are higher in fit individuals
VO2 max values differ depending on the exercise (ie cycle ergometry vs treadmill vs bike
-dependent on amount of muscle mass involved (greater muscle mass, greater VO2)
-if similar muscle masses are involved then VO2 is higher in the specific exercise that the individual has been training
Oxygen deficit: difference between amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of oxygen required to perform an exercise
occurs at beginning of exercise
warming up decreases oxygen deficit by increasing blood flow, muscle temperature, and mitochondrial respiration
-less time for deficit to develop, results in smaller deficit
athlete vs. sedentary individual
-resting stroke volume is greater due to cardiac muscle hypertrophy (greater contractility
-resting HR is lower in athletes
-cardiac output is similar to sedentary (inc SV cancels out dec HR
exercise in UE vs LE (similar amounts)
-vasodilation occurs in exercising muscles
-vasoconstriction in nonexercising muscles
-smaller muscles in UE, so more vasoconstriction than vasodilation
-inc total peripheral resistance, HR, RR, and MAP
-slightly lower CO
-much lower SV
inotropes (strength of contraction) and chronotropes (rate of contraction)
-initially sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart
-delayed ino/chronotropes come from adrenal medulla (epi and norepi released which travel to heart to perpetuate response)
response to exercise
systolic and MAP inc due to inc SV
diastolic remains same or drops slightly due to decrease in total peripheral resistance
low partial pressure O2
-blood vessels in lungs constrict, vessels in systemic system dilate
-constriction of vessels in lungs shunt blood to better ventilated areas of lungs (better ventilation-perfusion matching)
-dilation of systemic vessels allows more blood to be delivered to tissues (better oxygenation of localized tissues
arteriovenous difference
larger in endurance athletes due to:
-increase in mitochondrial size and enzyme activity which allows for more oxygen extraction
-inc density of mitochondria allows for inc oxygen extraction
-inc capillary density of muscle allows for decreased velocity of blood flow through each vessel increasing amount of time for oxygen extraction by mitochondria