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THE EARLY MODERN AGE, image, image, image, image, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The surplus products were sold in :
        
        City markets
        
        Trade routes
      - The increase in agricultural production resulted in a surplus in production, that is, an excess of food produced
    - - Products were made in workshops, which were controlled by associations of craftsmen called guilds.
    - - Three-field system was maintained
        
        Consisted of dividing the area of cultivated land into three sections and rotating the crops each year. One section was left fallow or the land to rest and recover the nutrients
        
        Cereals
    - - Merchants provided the families with the tools and raw materials to make the products.
      - New products were brought to Europe. These included precious metals, foods and spices.
      - The development of mercantile capitalism: an economic system in which capital belonged to private owners, generally members of the bourgeoisie
  - - - merchants needed money to begin new commercial activities.
        
        The bankers lent money in exchange for returning the same amount plus an additional amount, called interest. Traders in this period made large profits, so they could pay their loans back and the bankers became rich.
    - - The bill of exchange was created
        
        This was a document which guaranteed that the banker would pay a merchant, or another authorised person, a quantity of money, on a specified date and at a specified place
  - - - Priviliged
        
        nobility and clergy
        
        They didn´t pay taxes, and they were judged by special tribunals.
      - The unprivileged class
        
        Peasants
        
        They were serfs of the feudal lord or noble. They had to pay them rent or a part of their harvest.
        
        Bourgeoisie
        
        They were not ruled by a feudal lord. This social group increased in number, became wealthier and gained more political influence during the Early Modern Age.
        
        Petit bourgeoisie
        
        Were small merchants, less important officials, all types of artisans, artists, servants and labourers. They formed the largest group in the cities.
        
        Upper bourgeoise
        
        Were important merchants, bankers and officials. They lived in richly decorated urban palaces.
- - - - They strengthened bureaucracy which was composed of officials directly under their control
      - They centralised power by creating new institutions to serve them
      - They formed powerful armies of mercenaries
      - The monarchs established a court or permanent seat for these new institutions to function well.
  - - - pioneers in the search for new trade routes
    - - from the union of the kingdoms of Castilla and Aragón
  - - - Russian
        
        expanded its territories with the conquests of Ivan III the Great in the 15th century and Ivan IV the Terrible in the 16th century. The Russian monarchs adopted the title of tsar.
      - Ottoman(Turkish)
        
        expanded during the 15th century. Mehmed II the Conqueror took control of Constantinople and a large part of the Balkan Peninsula. Selim I then conquered Syria, Egypt and part of Arabia.
      - Polish
        
        covered extensive territories after its unification with Lithuania. However, it was a weak, not very centralised, kingdom.