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Research instruments - Coggle Diagram
Research instruments
Questionnaires
What is it?
Transmission of useful information
Data from the respondent to the researcher
Types of questionnaire
The mail survey
The group-administered questionnaire
The household drop-off survey
Types of question
Closed questions
Multiple-choice questions
Open-ended questions
Design issues and other considerations when using questionnaires
Maximising response rates
Ideal questionnaire length and time to complete
Piloting – using a suitable sample group
Stratified sampling
Web-based questionnaires
Content analysis
What is it?
Statistical measurements
Meaning of the information
Quantitative and qualitative approach
Basic principles
Identify the topic of your research
Establish content categories
Test the categories generated
Collect data
Analyse content of data and
provide results
Conceptual analysis
Decide on the unit(s)/level of analysis
Identify the concepts
Define the concepts
Decide whether to code for
incidence or frequency of concepts
Establish coding rules
Trawl through the information
Code the information
Analyse the results
Relational analysis
Decide on the question
Frame the analysis
Decide which types of relationship to examine
Code and categorise the text(s)
Explore the relationships
Code the relationships
Analyse the relationships
Map the relationships
Focus groups
What it is?
Relatively informal meeting
Self expression
Supervised by a non-judgmental moderator
Purposes
Create awareness
To uncover complex behavior
To interpret results
To develop new issues
Conducting focus-group interviews
Establish the group
Develop your questions
Conduct the focus group
Analyse group data
Disadvantages of focus groups
Inference within and beyond the group
Working with a group
Interviews
What is it?
No casual conversation
More than one hour
More data
Process
Draft the interview
Questions
Number, type and format
Types
Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured
Pilot your questions
To correct imperfections
Feedback on the structure and flow of the interview
Select your sample interviewees
How many interviewed
who you should interview
Representative sample
Conduct the interview
Interviewer and interviewee sitting next to each other
Describing the purpose of the interview
Show format and structure
Analysing the interview data
Gather data
Group responses
Audio encoding platforms
Observation
Planning and conducting your observation
Choosing what to observe: the social situation
Gaining access and establishing yourself
How to observe: telling the story
Observation framework checklist
Space
Actor
Activity
Object
Act
Event
Time
Goal
Feeling
Capturing what you see
What is it?
To see those people in action
To experience
