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What influences psychological development? (Chapter 3 and 4 Class A) -…
What influences psychological development? (Chapter 3 and 4 Class A)
KKDP 2- The Biopsychosocial approach (3B
)
Biological factors !
definition:
Factors relating to the functioning of the body
examples: Hormone levels, brain development, physical health, missing limbs, and immune systemn health.
Psychological factors
Definition
Factors relating to the mind and cognitive functions.
Examples
Beliefs, memory, emotional response, or stress
Social factors
definition: Factors relating to the conditions in which people live and grow
examples: family dynamics, relationships, income, acess to education, and cultural norms.
Risk factors
Definition: Emotional trauma, stress, lack of sleep, poor relationships, and physical injuries.
Examples: Factors that encourage developing disorders based on genetic dispositions
Protective factors
defintion: Factors that prevents you from developing disorders based off of genetic dispositions
examples: Healthy amount of sleep, healthy eating, excersie, and good relationships with family.
KKDP 3 The process of Psychololgical development (3C)
Emotional Development
Harlow's experiment
Evaluation
Strengths
high control, showed how infants need affections
Limitations
Weakness:
Used monkeys instead of humans, doesn't reflect accurately
Ethical reasons
High control
Variables
IV
which mother provided the milk
DV
how long the monkeys spent with either mothers
Controlled Variables
The environment, age of monkeys
Procedure
Separate infant monkeys at birth from mothers
Put into separate cages
being raised by either cloth mothers or wire mothers
Observe the monkeys
Record the results
Results: Contact comfort is more important than feeding in the formation of infant-mother attachment
Conclusion
Harlow found that the infant monkeys spent more time clinging and cuddling to there cloth surrogate rather than the wire mother
Aim
To investigate the effect that food or comfort has on infants during the attachment stage
Attachment
Definition: A close bond between an infant and caregivers
Example: How long the infant spends with caregivers
Examples: Temper tantrums in toddlers
Definition: How a person experiences, feels and expresses emotions
Social Development
Definition: Changes in a persons ability to interact with others and function as a member of society.
Examples: Making friends
Bandura's experiment
Aim:
To find out how young children use observational learning and to what degree.
IV
Different movies and endings
(consequences)
DV: The reaction to the Bobo doll
Controlled Variables:
age, environment, toys
Results: If there was a positive reaction to harming the doll, the children were more likely to replicate.
Conclusion:
Depending on which ending the children saw, they had different outcomes towards the doll. If the movie showed reward for hitting the doll, the kids would do it and vice versa for the movie showing punishment when hitting the doll.
Evaluation
Strengths
it provides some explanation of how people's behaviour or learning can differ because of external or environmental influences
Weaknesses: The theory doesn't account for all behaviour
Cognitive Development
DEFINITION - Changes in an individuals mental abilities.
EXAMPLE - memory, thinking, problem solving, decision making
Moral Development
Changes in moral behaviour over time based on cultural rules and norms.
Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development
Pre-conventional Level
Stage 1- childhood/ punishment and obedience/ punish is provided about information that is wrong
Stage 2- Determined by what is a childs interest/ rewards related to themsleves.
Conventional Level
Stage 3- Determined by approval or disapproval by family and friends
Stage 4- Determinef by societys laws which are to obeyed rigorously
Post Conventional Level
Stage 5- determines by societys rules and laws which fallible.
Stage 6- Determined by abstract ethical principles.
Evaluation
Strengths- Big sample size (45 different studdies)
Limitations- Some people never reach stage 6 and they didn't include women in some studdies. Some people have skipped stages and don't develop in the order that Kholberg suggested.
KKDP 1- Heredity and environmental factors (3A)
Heredity factors
Genes
definition: units of DNA found on the chromosomes you receive from your parents at birth.
Heredity
definition: Inheriting personalitiy traits from a parent or grandparent.
example: Passing genes such as skin color, blood type, etc
Geneotype
definition: The genes that a person has inherited from their biological parents
examples: Blood type or genetic predispositions
Phenotype
definition: The phenotype is the expression of a genotype
example: the colour of your hair or eyes
Environmental factors
definition: factors that affect an individual's development that are in the environment they live.
examples: schooling, social economic status, siblings, family dynamics, shelter etc.
What is psychological development?
The changes in a persons cognitive, emotional, and social abilities throughout their life.
KKDP 4- Psychological criteria to categorise behaviour (typical or atypical)
Typical behaviours
Definition
examples
Atypical behaviours
Definition
examples:
Criteria
Statistical rarity
definition
example
Personal distress
definition
example
Maladaptive behaviour
definition
example
Social norms
definition
example
cultural perspectives
definition
examples
KKDP 5 & 6- Normality neurotypicality and neurodiversity
Normality
Neurotypicality
definition
example
Adaptive behaviours
definition
example
Adaptive emotions
definition
example
Adaptive cognitions
Definition
Example
Abnormality
Neurodiversity
definition
example
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
What is it?
Cognitive variations
Theory of mind
definition
Baron-Cohen et al. and the sally-anne test
Aim
procedure
Results
Conclusion
variables
IV
1 more item...
DV
1 more item...
Controlled
1 more item...
example
Executive functioning
definition
example
Central coherence
Definition
example
Maladaptive behaviour
definition
example
Maladaptive cognitions
definition
example
Maladaptive emotions
definition
example
Key Science Skills
Aims and research questions etc
what is an aim?
what is a research question?
how should we write a hypothesis in psychology?
Ethics
Ethical concepts
integrity
justice
non-maleficence
beneficence
Ethical principles
voluntary participation
confidentiality
informed consent
withdrawal rights
deception/debreifing
variables
independent (IV)
Dependent (DV)
controlled
extraneous (EV)
Methodologies
case study
example
description
advantages
disadvantages
Controlled experiments
description
Designs
Between-subjects
description
advantages
disadvantages
Within-subjects
description
advantages
disadvantages
Mixed
description
Advantages
disadvantages
Fieldwork
description
examples
advantages
disadvantages
Literature review
examples
description
advantages
disadvantages
