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Fruit, Seed - Coggle Diagram
Fruit
The fruit is divided into the pericarp which is the various covering layers of the fruit and the seed or seeds which are present inside it. The pericarp of a fruit can be further divided into:
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Mesocarp– Is the second or the middle layer which is often juicy and varies in thickness in different fruits
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Simple Fruits
These fruits are formed from a single pistil only. They are further divided into Fleshy and Dry fruits based on the nature of their pericarp and its layers.
Fleshy Fruits
- Drupe- In this type of fleshy simple fruit, the exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is thick and juicy while the endocarp is stony.
- Berry- In this type of fleshy fruits, the endocarp is absent and the seeds are scattered in the mesocarp.
- Pome- Is a false fruit as the thalamus forms a part of the fruit.
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Aggregate Fruits
These fruits are developed from an aggregate or cluster of multiple separate pistils that are borne on a single flower. This aggregate or group of fruits that are developed from a single flower are known as an etaerio. (raspberry)
Multiple Fruits
When an entire inflorescence develops into a single fruit, it is called a multiple fruits.
True and False Fruits
- True fruits are those that are formed solely from the ovary with ovules inside it. No other flower parts form a part of this type of fruit.
- False fruits are formed from the ripened ovary along with some other flower parts like the base or receptacle, the perianth etc.
Once pollination and fertilization occur, the zygote is formed and the ovary begins to differentiate into the fruit.
Seed
Once fertilization occurs, the mature ovule begins to differentiate into a seed. A seed contains many parts, namely:
Seed Coat– is formed from the integuments of the ovule. The seed coat contains a hilum which is a scar that represents the spot where the ovule was attached to the ovarian wall. The seed coat is present all over the seed except for a small pore called as the micropyle which the where the new plant will germinate on finding a favorable environment.
The cotyledons-Monocots contain a single cotyledon whereas the dicots contain two cotyledons.The two cotyledons act as appendages and help in absorption of food from the endosperm.
Endosperm– It is a triploid tissue that is formed by the fusion of one of the male nuclei(haploid) and the vegetative nuclei(diploid). The endosperm functions to provide nutrition to the developing embryo.Learn more about the Endosperm development here.
Seeds can be classified as endospermic and non-endospermic seeds. Those seeds that utilize the endosperm during the embryo development completely are called as non-endospermic seeds. Those seeds which do not completely utilize the endosperm during the growth of the embryo, are called as endospermic seeds.
Embryo– is made up of a central axis that contains two ends- the root apex and the radicle, and the shoot apex and the hypocotyl. The radicle gives rise to the primitive root whereas the hypocotyl gives rise to the primitive shoot.