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The Living World, Tropical Rainforests, Hot Deserts, Ecosystems - Coggle…
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Tropical Rainforests
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Sustainable management
Selective logging
Only some trees are felled, most remain
Less damaging than clearing a whole area, structure is kept, soil isn't exposed, can regenerate
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Replanting
New trees replace cut down ones, the types have to match
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Ecotourism
Minimises environmental damage, benefits locals
Small number of visitors at a time, waste disposed of properly
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Locals don't have to log or farm to make money, fewer trees are cut down, incentive to conserve environment
Successful in Costa Rica, largest source of income for country, 21% of rainforest protected form development
Education
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Locals may damage rainforests without out knowing the long term effects, education reduces this.
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Reducing debt
Countries log, farm and mine to pay debts back
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Conservation swap - debt is paid, agreement that money will be spent on conservation
2011, USA reduced Indonesia's debt by $29million.
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Characteristics
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Plants
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Tall trees - dense vegetation cover, little light reaches the forest floor.
Lots of epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants, take nutrients and moisture from the air).
Soil
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Thin layer of surface nutrients because decay is fast in warm, moist conditions
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People
Indigenous people - hunting, fishing, gathering, growing vegetables in small garden plots
Biodiversity
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Stalbe, productive - climate is constant, no chainging conditions, plenty to eat
Many organisms depend on other species for survival - specific to a particular habitat or food source, many are only found in a small area.
Deforestation & uncontrolled development - extinction of many species, loss of biodiversity. The number of threatened species in Brazil doubles between 2008 and 2014
Value
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Ecotourism, long term economic benefit from sustainable development
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Interdepedence
Warm and wet climate helps decomposers decompose dead material rapidly, which makes the surface soil high in nutrients, plants grow well
Plants pass on nutrients when eaten by animals, there is lots of food so high animal populations, and when animals die nutrients are transferred back into the soil.
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Adaptations
Plants
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Waxy leaves with drip-tips - encourage rainfall runoff so the water's weight doesn't damage the plant
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Animals
Camouflaged - e.g. geckos, hide from predators
Nocturnal - e.g. sloths, cooler at night when they feed, saves energy
Some animals spend entire lives in the canopy and have strong limbs to move around there, e.g. howler monkeys
Hot Deserts
Characteristics
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Animals
Mammals - small, nocturnal (mostly)
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People
Few crops, desert fringes
Nomadic indigenous people, travel to find food and water
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