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Chemistry Topic 2 Bonding, Structure and the Properties of Matter, dot and…
Chemistry Topic 2 Bonding, Structure and the Properties of Matter
Chemical Bonds
Covalent
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Can be small molecules like ammonia. Dot and cross: shows which electrons come from and all electrons are identical.
2D with bonds shows which atoms are bonded together, it shows the bonds incorrectly at 90 degree angles.
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Ionic
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Metal atoms lose an electron and become positively charged ions whilst non metals gain an electron and become negatively charged ions.
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Metallic
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Electrons in the outer shell of the metal are delocalised and free to move through the whole structure. This sharing of electrons makes metallic bonding very strong.
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Ionic Compounds
Structure Held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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Properties
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Do not conduct electricity when solid because the structure has the ions in a fixed position in the lattice so they can't move.
Do conduct electricity when molten or dissolved because the lattice is broken and the ions are free to move.
States of Matter
Melting and freezing happens are melting point and condensing and boiling happens at the boiling point.
Different amounts of energy are needed to break the forces between the bonds depending on the strength of the force.
Limitations of the simple model are: doesn't include forces, all particles are shown as spheres and spheres are solid.
Metals as conductors
Good conductors of electricity because of their delocalised electrons carry electrical charge through the metal.
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Diamond
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Very hard, rigid structure, very high melting point, no delocalised electrons, strong covalent bonds, does not conduct electricity.
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Graphite
Each atoms is connected to 3 others which creates a hexagonal rings. There are no covalent bonds between each layer.
Slippery, very high melting point, conducts electricity, strong covalent bonds, delocalised electrons between layers.
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Graphene and Fullerene
Graphene Strong covalent bonds, one layer is one atom thick, has delocalised electrons and excellent conductor.
Fullerene Buckminsterfullerene was the first to be discovered. Has hexagonal rings of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. Can also have rings of 5 or 7 (pentagonal or heptagonal).
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Carbon Nanotubes
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Very conductive, used in electronics industry, high tensile strength, large surface area to volume ratio, catalysts and lubricants.
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