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i and neighbours - Coggle Diagram

- - - - i - high GDP growth
      - c - BRI, CPEC
  - - - 2nd i-c informal summit
      - 1st - wuhan summit, 2018
  - - - 1964- PAk - ceded a part of Indian territory in PoK to China
      - China administers Aksai Chin - part of Ladakh
      - China occupies more than 38000 sq km in Ladakah
    - - Shimla Accord
        
        b/w B India Tibet and China - proposed boundary b/w Tibet and North India - by Henry Mc Mohan
      - China officially dont agree with it
    - - reason - potential of Great bend - waha mast potential h hydropower ka
      - concerns for India
        
        impaacts on downstream flow
  - - - India - became first non socialist bloc country to establish diplomatic rel with PRC
      - 1962 I-C conflisct setback
      - Rajiv Gandhi visit i 2988 - began improvement
      - 1993
        
        Agreement on Maintenance of PEace and Tranquility along LAC
        
        2013-Border Defence Coop Agreement
  - - - by India - a humanitarian initiative to provide vaccines to other countries
      - via it India was presenting itself as better alternative to China particularly in region of South Asia
      - to increase its soft power and control on other countries
    - - BUT after impact of second wave - massive suffering + public criticism -- backtrack vaccine diplomay and stopped honouring the existing contractual commitments to supply vaccine to its friendly neighbours
      - so Bangladesh and SL - started procuring from China
      - Also China ne ek meeting ki with all South Asian countries except India
      - China mauke pe chaukka maar raha ha
      - also affected credibility of Quad grouping
        
        as the QUAD countries - pledged to deliver a billion doses of COVID vaccines throughout IOR by 2022 - a move to counter China's influence in IOR
        
        but this backtrack might lead to Chinese influence in IOR
    - - but as we failed to anticipate and deal with second wave - diminshed India's aura as emergent power
      - Weak India - less attractive as a partner globally
      - makes us more dependent on US to deal with China
    - - China's efforts - largely confined to pvt companies and charities and not directly helping India govt
      - Pandemic has provided opportunities for two Asian giants to work together but both countries - focused on boosting their own image
      - to ab dono ka trust build kaise hoga?
  - - - if China will control it - it will have a good position in eastern Indian Ocean
      - inhibit India'a navy's deployment options
    - - I - adapt itself to the presence of China at Indian Ocean and should respond and prepare accordingly
- - - - develop trincomalee port
      - upgrade
        
        jaffna-colombo rail track
        
        kankesanthurai port
      - upgrade & operate mattala airport
  - - - SLINEX
      - dhosti
  - - - SL endorsed BRI
      - SL leased hambantota port to china - part of string of pearls
      - debt trap on SL - 1.2 billion $ debt to equity swap agreement
    - - conflict b/w sinhala majority & tamil minority
    - - straying of fishermen in each others' territorial waters
      - fishermen arrests - indian > SLan : reasons
        
        less fish in indian waters
        
        lack of multi-day fishing capability
        
        bottom trawling (env enemy) by i fishermen
        
        banned by SL
        
        2016 - 'joint working group' - bottom trawling to be abandoned
        
        lead to wiping off almost all marine resources
        
        marine sources on Indian side nearly depleted
      - steps taken
        
        SL govt officially banned bottom trawling
        
        offered Joint patrol with Indian navy
        
        Both govt set up Joint Working group
        
        By India
        
        scheme on deep sea fishing
        
        Introduced fish farming in Gulf of Manar to increase income of small scale fishermen
      - way forward
        
        reduce dependence on Paly BAy
        
        sustainable fishing practices
        
        alternative employment
  - - - BIT treaty protection now only to investments made before 2017
      - (estb terms and cond for pvt investment by nationals and companies of one country in another 1997
      - India terminated it
      - way forward
        
        I needs to adopt a balanced approach towards BITs
        
        Facilitates Indian investors in defending their investment under international law eg Colombo Port
  - - - why?
        
        diplomatic move to satisfy both sides as it effectively amounts to support for neither SL govt nor Tamil NAtional Alliance
        
        Why this move?
        
        Neutral stand
        
        did't want to support one go against another
        
        Both SL govt and TNA sought India's support wrt UNHRC resolution
        
        not diminishing Tamil minority;s concern
        
        China factor
        
        SL coming under Chinese influence
        
        SL borrowed heavily from China
        
        to mitigate the influence and earn the trust of the neighbour , India had abstained from voting
        
        Inidia's current stand seems like its turning blind eye to human rights violation in SL but on diplomatic front it can be said that this moves itself contanis diplomatitc astuteness that can benefit India in th elong run
  - - - since last decade China paying renewed attention to its ties with Sri LAnka
      - Huge rise in CHinese investments in SL
    - - Diplomatic support n charges of human rights violations after civil war
      - 2014 - Xi - visited SL - first visit by any Chinese PResident in 28 years -- shows focus of CHina in SL
      - What SL is doing in return?
        
        helps China to enhance its influence in South Asian region
        
        Rajapaksa regime is closer to China
      - supplied arms and defence equipments to SL Army during Elam war - thats how their relations grew after 2009
      - started their DEbt diplomacy in Colombo
        
        definition -China extends huge loans and in return they expect some diplomatic favors from the recipeint country
        
        dikkat kya hai ?
        
        high interest rates - country receiving the debt sleepwalks into a trap - not able to repay so country invariably starts obeying the country that gave the debt.
        
        eg
        
        construction of Hambantota Port
    - - China-SL - friendship hospital opened
    - - strategic interests
        
        in both Hambantota and Colombo port -
        
        Indian companies use Colombo port (imp both economiclly and strategically ) for unloading of cargo
      - I is worry about C investment in ports in Indian Ocean as it might be part of China's String of Pearl strategy - ensuring its maritime domination in region
- - - - not directly criticizing the army
        
        because India is having very good relation with Myanmar military and they helped India in reducing insurgency in NE states
        
        jo chup jate the Myanmar mein problem karke India mein (drug trafficnking hoti thi also China was part of it
        
        pehle to Myanmar ki military ne mana kiy aIndian soldiers ko ki tum yaha nai aa sakte insurgents se fight karne par baad m woh maan gaye so Myanmar in strategically imp isliye waha us region hum peace bana paye
      - but should have moral and legal responsibility of India to stand up for rule of law, Democracy and human rights is Myanmar
    - - I should allow IIMM to accessthese refugees
      - Un esbtd body - mandated to investigate and build case files for international crimes committed in Myanmar
      - India should follow Customary international law
      - let UN high commissioner for refugees in India to access Rohingyas
    - - vioalted the genocidal convention
      - also being investigated by Prosecutor of ICC
      - India should support these
  - - - no because currently 2021 - situation in M not in good shape.
      - thought I not a singatory on convention of Refugee but still UDHR, ICCPR, /int covenant on rights of child - so /i should follow principle of non refoulment - state should not deport individuals from their jurisdi to another country or place if particular sending state believes that these persons face risk , harm, persecution, torture at country to which they are to be deported
      - Gambia v/s Myanmar case - ICJ - judgement showed than even international court has taken note of genocide of rohibgiyas in myanmar- and that theier lives are in serious danger if they are deported
    - - continuous threat of illegal immigrants to India as /india has porous or open land borders with many countries
      - seucutiry issues
      - cenytral govt has powers under foreeigners act of regulating their movts- departure, restrictimg entries
      - though rights under A -14 and, and 21 available to non c/z. but 19 1 e(righ to settle and rside in this country ) - only to c/z
      - there is proper procedute that i follows of proper deporation i.e deportation is carried out only when its is confirmed by the country of origin i.e they are persons who are their c/z
- - - - bedrock of special relations that exists b.w two
      - Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par with Indian citizens
  - - - India not happy - because not adequate safeguards for Madhesis
    - - by publishing map portraying disputed areas of Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapni as its territory
  - - - expected to ease trade and transit
- - - - assam NRC
        
        meaning
        
        legal citizens of assam
        
        indian citizens living in assam
        
        NRC
        
        list of legal citizens of assam (only state to have this doc)
        
        persons included
        
        name in
        
        NRC(1951)
        
        electoral rolls upto 24 march,1971
        
        and their descendants
        
        result
        
        19 lakh of 3.2 crore left out
        
        they can appeal to appellate authority - foreigners' (f) tribunal
        
        estd under f (tribunal) order, 1964
        
        role - to identify if a person is f or not
        
        f meaning by f act 1946 - person who isn't i citizen
        
        power of civil court
        
        currently functioning in assam only
      - meaning
      - doc governed/exist by
        
        citizenship act 1955
        
        citizenship rules 2003
        
        2010 MoHA order
  - - - 1/3rd length in B and remaining in Sikkim and WB,
      - B wants 50% of its water supply esp in months b/w DEc and May annually
  - - - security
      - trade
      - commerce
      - defence
      - rivers
      - maritime affairs
      - economic relations
      - cooperation in power sector - B imports power
    - - bilateral joint rivers commission is working since 1972 to maximize benefits from common river systems
      - Ganga water treaty 1996 - sharing of water of river Gangaduring lean season
    - - construction of Akhaura - Agartala rail link
      - Construction of I- B Friendhip pipeline
  - - - India has built dams over it this prevents river from supplying irrigation water to b
      - recently b turned to China seeking i billion USD loan to restore Teesta
    - - India ka to b largest trading partner hai in SE asia
      - par Bangladesh ka China hai aur china ne 97% of B imports expempted form duties
- - - - it should be linked with software of connectivity so as to make it realistic
      - eg most connectivity constraints can be solved with the help of automation and software
      - eg - in Europe most constraints in connectivity and people transit are remove with help of automation and softwares
  - - - I takes decisions on our relations with n by considering our domestic situations - no stable policy
      - not good idea as domestic drivers most of the times put foreign policy objectives to a lower position
      - eg - issue with Bangladesh due to India's CAA
    - - eg - in Nepal, the Britain, Japan, US and India had their own dev cooperation programmes w/o coordination - benefitted China in bringing Nepal into its side
- - - - Mech and anoucnement of timeline for withdrawal of all foreign forces from AFghanistan
      - Removal of UN and US sanctions on Taliban leaders
      - both sides promised to support intra- Afghan peace negotiations
      - prisoner swap
      - Taliban to reduce violene and preventing groups Al Qaeda and ISIS Khorasan from operaitng on Afghan terriotory
  - - - assistance to help rebuild Afghanistan's infra and instutions edu and tech assistance
      - duty free access to Indian market for Afghanistan exports
- - - - 1965 - from UK
      - i - 1st country to recognise independence
    - - 1988 - "operation cactus" by i - to secure democracy in maldives
      - 2010 - mohammad nashir - 1st democratically elected president
      - 2012 coup - abdullah yameen abdul gayoom becomes president
      - nashir took refuge in indian embassy
      - 2018 - emergency declared by yameen - i largely silent
    - - 2013 - i-SL-maldives trilateral security initiative - to strengthen maritime security
      - 2016 - i-maldives action plan for defence
      - building ports and giving training to maldives forces
    - - 1981 - trade agreement
      - 700 crore rs trade
    - - faculty of engineering tech
      - faculty of hospitality & tourism industries
      - 40 million $ credit
    - - china factor
        
        maldives support to MSR(maritime silk road) & BRI
        
        2012 - ibrahim naseer airport modernisation project - cancelled with GMR (i's company) and given to chinese company
        
        2017 - FTA
      - low bilateral trade - 200 million $
- - - - yeh bhi nahi pata ba to mortal remains kab milenge uski family ko - this is grave violations of human rights
      - effects on indi -
        
        mental trauma
        
        agony
        
        pressure
    - - does not state a time limit for confirmation of the national identity
    - - Revival of Joint Judicial Committee on Prisoners in 2007
        
        consists of 4 retd judges from each side - I and P
        
        had played a significant role in timely release and repatriation of prisoners
        
        2 baar milti thi saal mein to meet prisoners
        
        but currentlt discontinued
        
        efforts were made to revive it but Pak is yet to nominate judge or call for a meeting
        
        can help innocent Indian prisoners who are stucked in PAk prison to get consular accesss and other rights and finally come back to their home country India
    - - Vaaga Chauhan case - terms of agreement on consular access not respected
      - Latif Chauhan Sama's case - not given consular access yet