i - high GDP growth

c - BRI, CPEC

west's declining capacity - to keep international stability

2nd i-c informal summit

1st - wuhan summit, 2018

creating interdependence in this region (South Asian region is the least integrated region across the word

a plan for continuous engagement at various levels with diplomacy aligned in a manner that does not make our neighbours feel marginalised

it should be linked with software of connectivity so as to make it realistic

eg most connectivity constraints can be solved with the help of automation and software

eg - in Europe most constraints in connectivity and people transit are remove with help of automation and softwares

give them importance by providing them national treatment wrt use of our transportation network, ports, exports & imports(i.e allow them to use our infrast)

work more closely with like minded partners that are fellow democracies

resolve conflicts via coordination & integration wrt our developmental activities in n c

India's engagement with n countries should not be episodic or event oriented it should be process oriented

I takes decisions on our relations with n by considering our domestic situations - no stable policy

not good idea as domestic drivers most of the times put foreign policy objectives to a lower position

relations with n getting deteriorated since we accuse them of engaging with China

World now become an open competitive market and countries that depend on India are now adopting a first come, first serve policy now

eg - in Nepal, the Britain, Japan, US and India had their own dev cooperation programmes w/o coordination - benefitted China in bringing Nepal into its side

Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par with Indian citizens

India not happy - because not adequate safeguards for Madhesis

by publishing map portraying disputed areas of Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapni as its territory

covers western sector (Ladakh), middle sector (HP,Uk) and eastern sector (Sikkim and McMohan line of ARp)

b/w B India Tibet and China - proposed boundary b/w Tibet and North India - by Henry Mc Mohan

India - became first non socialist bloc country to establish diplomatic rel with PRC

Agreement on Maintenance of PEace and Tranquility along LAC

Recently inaauguarted ICP at Birgunj and Biratnagar in Nepal

Communists won started ruling mainland China as People's Republic of China

because India is having very good relation with Myanmar military and they helped India in reducing insurgency in NE states

Western and northern borders of Myanmar connects Bangladesh, China and NE states of I

A rising China which is strengthening its relationship in the Myanmar is a threat to India

Influence in Myanmar will allow China to penetrate India's NE region and control the Bob

jo chup jate the Myanmar mein problem karke India mein (drug trafficnking hoti thi also China was part of it

pehle to Myanmar ki military ne mana kiy aIndian soldiers ko ki tum yaha nai aa sakte insurgents se fight karne par baad m woh maan gaye so Myanmar in strategically imp isliye waha us region hum peace bana paye

reason - potential of Great bend - waha mast potential h hydropower ka

1. 1979 - Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan in name of protecting communist govt

2. but it was resisted by several local insurgents groups -Mujahidin - backed by US, /Saudi and PAk

4. Taliban - which originated as hard core religious students movements later become hardocroe religious terrorist organisation

6. Subsequent military campaign led by US against Al Qaeda and the Taliban govt (T was supporting Al qaeda )

7. since then US troops are stationed in Af and war still going on

9. US realized that taliban insurgency could not be defeated as long as it enjoys safe and secure sanctuaries in PAk

10. US changed its track and begin to seek help of PAk in getting Taliban to negotitaing tabke

11. US Taliban negotiations began in September 2018 and the 2 sides came to an agreement after a series of talk

1. Mech and anoucnement of timeline for withdrawal of all foreign forces from AFghanistan

3. both sides promised to support intra- Afghan peace negotiations

but should have moral and legal responsibility of India to stand up for rule of law, Democracy and human rights is Myanmar

rfeuges who have fled years of atrocities and a genocidal campaign

are stateless aIndo Aryan group who predominantly follow ISlam in Rakhin state

India hasnot signed UN Refuge convention i.e why call them as inflitrators

Un esbtd body - mandated to investigate and build case files for international crimes committed in Myanmar

let UN high commissioner for refugees in India to access Rohingyas

Taliban to reduce violene and preventing groups Al Qaeda and ISIS Khorasan from operaitng on Afghan terriotory

I and A - strong relationship based on historical and cultural links

I - played significant role in reconstruction and rehab of Afghaistan

assistance to help rebuild Afghanistan's infra and instutions edu and tech assistance

i says- there should be Afghan led, Afghan owned broad based and inculsive process of peace and reconcialtion

need for long term commitment to Afghanistan by intenrational community

significance- because Afghanistan in future should not become a safe haven for international terrorist who fight against countries including I

1. continuous threat of illegal immigrants to India as /india has porous or open land borders with many countries

1. no because currently 2021 - situation in M not in good shape.

2. thought I not a singatory on convention of Refugee but still UDHR, ICCPR, /int covenant on rights of child - so /i should follow principle of non refoulment - state should not deport individuals from their jurisdi to another country or place if particular sending state believes that these persons face risk , harm, persecution, torture at country to which they are to be deported

3. Gambia v/s Myanmar case - ICJ - judgement showed than even international court has taken note of genocide of rohibgiyas in myanmar- and that theier lives are in serious danger if they are deported

cenytral govt has powers under foreeigners act of regulating their movts- departure, restrictimg entries

3. though rights under A -14 and, and 21 available to non c/z. but 19 1 e(righ to settle and rside in this country ) - only to c/z

there is proper procedute that i follows of proper deporation i.e deportation is carried out only when its is confirmed by the country of origin i.e they are persons who are their c/z

Covid has given us a lot of challenges as well as opportunities. Analyse this statement in context of i-c bilateral relationship

by India - a humanitarian initiative to provide vaccines to other countries

via it India was presenting itself as better alternative to China particularly in region of South Asia

BUT after impact of second wave - massive suffering + public criticism -- backtrack vaccine diplomay and stopped honouring the existing contractual commitments to supply vaccine to its friendly neighbours

Also China ne ek meeting ki with all South Asian countries except India

as the QUAD countries - pledged to deliver a billion doses of COVID vaccines throughout IOR by 2022 - a move to counter China's influence in IOR

but as we failed to anticipate and deal with second wave - diminshed India's aura as emergent power

China's efforts - largely confined to pvt companies and charities and not directly helping India govt

Pandemic has provided opportunities for two Asian giants to work together but both countries - focused on boosting their own image

if China will control it - it will have a good position in eastern Indian Ocean

I - adapt itself to the presence of China at Indian Ocean and should respond and prepare accordingly