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organisations, events, concepts - Coggle Diagram

- - - - written formal agreement b/w = >2 countries(cy)
    - - political - eg: democracy
      - economy - closed/open
      - culture - eg - religion - buddhism
    - - security umbrella to weaker states
      - powerful country gets access to markets
  - - - political - eg: democracy
      - economy - closed/open
      - culture - eg - religion - buddhism
    - - economy
      - tech
      - culture
      - defence products (not security umbrella - hence its one step less than alliance)
  - - - role of geographical factors in fp
      - geo factors
        
        resources
        
        eg: oil - if russia is selling oil, it becomes "geopolitically imp"to us
        
        location
        
        eg: iran is geopolitically imp to access central asia (as we have bad realtion with pak and afghanistan has disturbed areas)
  - - - political stability
      - economically powerful
      - militarily powerful
    - - themselves strive becoming powerful in above 3 areas
      - form alliances among themselves
  - - - policy where a cy tries to control political and eco system of other cy
    - - resources
      - market to sell
    - - colonialism
  - - - covert intelligence
        
        gathered secretly without other cy's knowledge
        
        RAW does it
      - overt intelligence
        
        gathered openly by discussion
  - - - practice to fight future scenario - war, tsunami
      - showcase strength to world
  - - - conference on disarmament, 1979
        
        single multilateral disarmament negotiation forum
        
        deadlocked
      - partial test ban treaty
    - - nuclear triad
        
        missiles - prithvi, agni-1,2,3
        
        aircraft(delivery vehicle to drop) - many options - eg: jaguar, mirage 2000
        
        submarines - INS arihant
    - - develop/maintain credible minimum deterrent
      - no first use (though can be used in event of major chemical/biological weapon strike against i)
      - (retaliation to enemy's 1st strike by -) inflicting unacceptable damage - doctrine of mutually assured destruction(MAD)
      - Non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states - negative security assurance
      - goal - nuclear weapon free world but through non-discriminatory
        treaty
      - not against any one particular nation(but to deter any nation to use it against it)
      - civilian political control of nuclear weapons
        
        retaliation attacks authorised by nuclear command authority
        
        political council - chaired by PM - authorises attack - give directions - executed by - Strategic Forces Command
        
        executive council - chaired by NSA - gives advise to above
    - - 1947-74
        
        homi bhabha perusaded leaders to invest in nuclear energy
        
        PM JLN launched nuclear porgram to attain self relaince in enenrgy
        
        debate to develop weapon due to chinese threat
        
        1974 - 1s fission test - described as - peaceful nuclear explosion
      - 1974-98
        
        condemened by other nations
        
        china and pak both nuclear armed and friends
        
        1998 pokhran - series of tests
        
        i declared itself as nucleared powered
      - 98-current
        
        2003 - i's nuclear doctrine released - by recom of k subrahmanyam committee
- - - - topmost decision making body
      - includes - all members
      - meets biannually
    - - acts as
        
        dispute settlement body
        
        trade policy review body
- - - - optimistic non-alignment - issue: overlooking harsh realities, eg:
        
        going to UN regarding J&K
        
        rejecting "east west swap deal" of china - i and china to recognise aksai chin & i's eastern sector as part of china & i resp
        
        less priority to securing borders despite anticipated 1962 war
    - - recovery & realism, eg:
        
        realism
        
        1964 i-US defence agreement
        
        1971 i-soviet friendship treaty
        
        recovery
        
        despite 1962 war loss - victory in 1965 & 1971
    - - regional assertion & complexity, eg:
        
        regional assertion
        
        bangladesh creation
        
        complexity
        
        IPKF misadventure in SL
        
        i faced US-china-pak axis - sino-US rapprochement 1972 with pak as interlocutor
    - - unipolarity
        
        of US
        
        challenge to i's strategic autonomy
        
        eg:
        
        US sanctions post pokharan 2
        
        falling behind china & ASEAN in opening its market
    - - balancing power
        
        balance
        
        b/w US & rising china
        
        power from
        
        upliftment of US sanctions
        
        kargil war
        
        operation parakaram
    - - energetic engagement , eg:
        
        act east policy
        
        ISA
        
        CDRI
        
        bold move of abrogation of art 370 despite global resistance
  - - - pursuit of national interests
    - - eg: uri & dokhlam issue
    - - growing multipolarity
      - weaker multilateralism
    - - to enter into world of convergence to deal with contradictory approaches and objectives
      - eg
        
        RIC(russia-i-china) with JAI(japan-america-i)
        
        israel with palestine
        
        QUAD with SCO
  - - - hanuman's visit to ravan's empire
        
        projected great powerful image of ram - 'power projection'
        
        wasnt killed by ravan - 'diplomatic immunity'
        
        came back and gave true account of what happened - 'truthfulness'
        
        all there doctrines used today
      - kautalya's arthashastra - mandala theory
        
        what - be the friend of enemy's enemy
        
        eg
        
        ind-afghan friendly relations - to encircle pak
- - - - platform to India to seek cooperation from likeminded countries on issues - ensuring respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty and peaceful resolution of disputes.
      - also demonstrates a united front to check belligerent activities of China against India. This is especially crucial in present times as relations between India and China have been worsening due to military tensions
        at the Ladakh border.
    - - Cooperation in the field of defence among Quad members via joint patrols, exchange of strategic information, etc. can help India overcome its imitations pertaining to finances, naval capacity, military reconnaissance and technological and surveillance capabilities
    - - All members of Quad have at some point affirmed their commitment to ensure a free, open, inclusive Indo pacific region following a common rules-based order, where all countries have equal access to common spaces on sea and in the air.
    - - The pandemic has brought about a profound transformation globally that has adversely affected global supply chains, manufacturing activities and overall economies of countries.
        o Quad can help India to not only recover from the pandemic through coordinated responses but can also secure its place in the new world order.
  - - - lacks purpose strategic objective and an institutional framework. The countries have not even issued a joint statement after meetings of the group, rather offering their own individual readouts.
    - - China has strong economic ties with Quad members, especially Australia, can be used to or influence nations in its favour- problematic for India
    - - 4 members not have the same levels of financial resources, strategic awareness and military capabilities in the Indian Ocean. This creates an imbalanced partnership where burden falls unequally on partners.
    - - China perceives Quad as an Anti-China coalition. Thus, India faces a risk of further deteriorating its relations with China as its proceeds to increase its engagement with the Quad.
    - - Within the Indo-Pacific, Australia’s and Japan’s priorities lie in the Pacific, while India is primarily focused in the Indian Ocean.
  - - - the Quad Vaccine PArtnership
      - quad cc working group
        
        to strenghthen implemnetaion of PAris Agreement
        
        cooperation both within QUAD and with other countries to
      - Quad critical and Emerging tech WG
        
        focus on telecom tech and bio tech
- - - - why - national sovereignty issues
- - - - 90% by volume
      - 80% by value
  - - - highest governing body
      - all member states
      - meets once every 2 years
    - - executive organ
      - supervises IMO work
  - - - control airborne emissions form ships
    - - limit sulphur content from ship's fuel from 3.5 m/m to
        
        0.5% outside emission control area
        
        0.1% - in emission control area
- - - - will come india's way more by invitation than by self-canvassing - india shouldn't waste its diplomatic goodwill in seeking permanent seat
      - increase financial contribution - apportionment of UN expenses for each P-5 country is way more
      - involve its troops in peacekeeping operations - although india is a leading provider of peacekeepers, its assessed contribution to UN peacekeeping operations is miniscule
    - - india cant stride global stage without maintaining stable relations with its neighbours
  - - - india in UNSC for 7 times (1st - 1950-51, 7th - 2011-12 ) - total 14 years- only for about one-fifth of time UNSC has existed
      - now rooting for years 2021-22
    - - guide UNSC away from principles of 'humanitarian interventionism' or 'responsibility to protect' towards a rule based global order- based on sustainable development and people welfare
      - push UNSC sanctions committee - to target individuals/entities warranting sanctions - issues
        
        narrowly defined national interests
        
        different countries maintain their separate sanctions list
      - develop good relations with all powers - lead the way to pursue internationalism- inclusive, constitutional and rational
      - become consensus builder- for dealing with global problems of climate change, disarmament, terrorism, trade and development.
      - more points - i to highlight
        
        international terrorism
        
        UN reforms including UNSC expansion
        
        streamline UN peace keeping operations
        
        tech initiatives
  - - - maintain international peace and security
      - how - impose restrictions and authorise use of force
    - - rotates and changes every month
    - - 5 permanent - UK, USA, france, russia, china
      - 10 non-permanent - 5 elected by genera assembly every year
    - - each member - 1 vote
      - permanent members - veto right
      - decision require - 9 votes including 5 of permanent members
      - party to a dispute to abstain from voting
- - - - total trade with US - 142 billion $ (2018)
    - - boost to i's exports
        
        of goods which china-US imported from each other
        
        UNCTAD: i's exports to US can grow by 11 billion $ in long term
        
        companies/items benefitting
        
        others - garments, ICT, plastic, cotton, inorganic chemicals
        
        steadily growing i's steel sector - US is biggest importer - tariff on china will open way for i
      - disentanglement of US-china economy - investment in i - increase FDI
    - - weakening of $ wil hurt trade deficit
      - global trade war - cautioned approach of investors - drop in stock markets
- - - - new dev bank(NDB)
        
        equal contribution & voting rights
        
        approved 12.5 billion $ projects
      - 'contigent reserve arrangement'
        
        as alternative to IMF
        
        provide precautionary instruments & liquidity during eco crisis
        
        100 billion $ corpus - unequal contribution and unequal access
      - 'global financial messaging system'(GFMS)
        
        created by bank of russia
        
        safeguard against SWIFT
    - - "partnership on new industrial revolution"
        
        by estd science parks, innovation centres, business incubators
        
        focus on - investment, innovation, industrialisation & inclusiveness
      - elaborate dialogue structure
        
        brasilia declaration 2019 - lists 116 meetings/conferences at all levels
    - - counterterrorism working group - activities in 5 subgroups
        
        terrorist(t) financing
        
        internet use in t
        
        countering radicalisation
        
        foreign t fighters
        
        capacity building
    - - 2013 - BRICS business council - recom - trade in national currencies
      - women's business alliance
    - - i-china: i RCEP entry, trade issues, dokhlam issue
  - - - political structure
        
        brazil, i, SA - democracy
        
        china, russia - not democracy
      - level of dev
        
        china, russia - much better
    - - china & russia against other 3 countries' bid to expand UN security council
      - china not supportive of i's bid of pak's terrorism
- - - - Worst Form of Child Labour, No. - 182 R by India
      - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957(No. 105) - R by India
      - Freedom of Association and Protection of the right to Organise Convention,1948 (No. 87) - Not Ratified by India
      - Discrimination(Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) R by India
      - Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) - Not Ratified by India
      - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) - R by India
      - Forced Labour Convention, 1930(N0. 29) - Ratified by India
      - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) - R by India
    - - Initiation of complaint procedures against countries for violation of a ratified convention
      - Ratifying countries apply conventions in national laws and report on its application
      - Legally binding international treaties that may be ratified by the member states
- - - - addressing and taking action on hr violations around globe
      - protection and promotion of the human rights
    - - made of 47 member states
      - elected by UNGA -simple majority secret ballot
      - 3 year term, 1/3rd members renewed every yr
      - all UN members eligible for seat
  - - - UDHR + Int covenant for Civil and pol rights + Int covenant for Eco, Socio, Cultural rights
    - - universality
        
        we are all =lly entitled
      - non-discriminatory
      - Inalienable
        
        not to be taken away, ecept in specific situations and as per due process,
      - invisible and interdependent
        
        one set of rights cannot be enjoyed by fully w/o other
        
        eg - progress in civil and pol rights makes it easier to exercise eco,social & cultural rights
  - - - to robust the UNHRC
      - come together for deliberations regarding the scope for reform of this institution of global importance
  - - - to review hr violations in specific countries and examine global hr issues
  - - - eg - Eastern European group had two available seats but only two countries were nominated to fill those positions, meaning there was no competition for the spots.
    - - the current system of entry to UNHRC requires reforms
    - - US - UNHRC - 'cesspool of political bias that 'makes a mockery of hr'
    - - experts - HRC biased against Israel
        
        has aimed a disproportionate no. of resolutions against ISreal
    - - As HRC's members are representatives of their govts, HRC - highly politicised body like its predecessor
      - states generally vote in favour of their national interest rather than hr interests
    - - makes it easier for countries with ?able right records to be elected
      - hence open ballot - to hold countries publicly accountable for their votes
    - - Many members of the UN are themselves systematic human right offenders.
      - have poor records in certain civil and pol rights, - press freedom
  - - - HRC should formulates necessary regulation on themes such as biotechnology, admin of justice, healthcare, AI which have significant human rights implications
    - - More attention to address visibly deteriorating human rights situations before they become chronic or crises
      - more emphasis on general issues needed
    - - more needs to be done to ensure processes at UNHRC - more substantial outcomes
      - members - implement at national level
      - periods between Council sessions could be used for sustained efforts to achieve more durable outcomes on challenging issue
- - - - to resolve conflict and maintain peace
    - - legitimacy
      - burden sharing
      - ability to deploy troops and police from around world
    - - consent of parties
        
        deploying pkm with consent of main parties to conflict
      - Impartiality
      - non - use of force
        
        except in
        
        self defence
        
        defence of mandate
        
        not an enforcement tool - use of force with UNSC's authorisation
        
        UN - no standing army or police force of its own
        
        military and police personnel contributes by member states
    - - when conflict worsens, UN - consultations with members, regional org, UN actors
        
        UN secretariat deploys a technical assessment mission submits report to UNSC
        
        UNSC formally authorise peace operation, by adopting a resolution
    - - out of 95 k peacekeepers
        
        women
        
        10.8 % of police units
        
        4.7% of military contingents
      - top contributors
        
        Bangladesh, Ethopia, Rwanda, Nepal ,India
    - - top contributors
        
        US>China>Japan, India - only 0.16% of peacekeeping budget
      - A- 17 UN charter - Every member state - legally binding to pay respective share
      - India - 5th most contributor - of trroops
- - - - Also there is need to use rupee instead of dollar or euro to buy crude oil to reduce the CAD and improving the trade with the OPEC member countries.
      - OPEC should do away with discriminatory Asian Premium pricing mechanism to make global level playing pricing mechanism.
    - - various OPEC members + US creating pressure to cut down imports from Iran - raised serious supply concerns for India
    - - extra charge collected from from Asian countries while selling oil
    - - Major trade with OPEC member states is in US dollar or Euro, which reduces forex reserve of India
    - - fluctuation in oil prices due to competition and production adjustment that makes hard to maintain stability of rupee
- - - - till now instability - civil wars, military, political, economic
      - libya -rebels used by west now turned into islamic terrorists