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Ch. 21 Vascular Plants w/o seeds, ex. of rhyniophyte, https://3.bp…

- - - - branching of equal size and vigor
    - - homosporous
      - epidermis w cuticle
      - central cells have sporogenous
      - simple bundle of xylem
    - - endarch protostele #
        
        protaoxylem in center
        
        metaxylem differentiates on edge
      - exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem in center
        
        protaoxylem on edges
      - protostele
        
        soil xylem with no pith
      - siphonostele
        
        pith in center
        
        occurs in seed plants
  - - - sporangia open at top
      - exarch protostele
        
        protaoxylem outer margin
        
        metaxylem in center
      - sporangia lateral
    - - outgrowths
      - small to long
      - thin scales
- - - - refers to evolution of small enations
      - true roots
      - lycophytes referred to as
  - - - aka strobilli
      - sporangia clustered together
      - compact groups
      - protection
- - - - megaphyllous plants
    - - monilophytes
      - lignophytes
  - - - aka scouring rushes
      - 15 extant species of Equisetum
    - - main trunk
      - lateral branches
      - true leaves
      - true roots
  - - - mega-hull evolution
    - - twigs
      - of last dichotomy
    - - leaves evolved from branch systems
      - seed plants
    - - subdivisions of lateral branches
        
        aligned in one plane
    - - parenchyma develops b/t telomes and lower branches
    - - sporangium bearing
      - leaf like
  - - - typical ferns
    - - small part of vascular cylinder just parenchyma
    - - at node
      - diverges from siphonostele
    - - clusters of sporangia where meiosis occurs
    - - eusporangium #
        
        initiated with periclinal division
        
        results in multilayered plate of cells
      - Leptosporangia
        
        initiated with periclinal division
        
        forms outward protrusion
    - - simplest of all vascular plants
  - - - unequal branching
      - one stem more vigorous
    - - small lateral branches
        
        some fertile w sporangia
        
        some sterile as leaves