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HRD - Coggle Diagram

- - - - provi
        
        includes quality health services - health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehab
        
        all ind and communities receive health services w/o suffering financial hardships
      - PC - roadmap to achieve by 2022
    - - recom by - National health policy 2017
      - to achieve UHC
      - facts
        
        last decade - in patient hospitalisation has increased nearly 300% in India
        
        more than 80% of hospital expenditure met by OOP
        
        so rural households forced to use
        
        borrowings
        
        household savings
        
        hence enters vicious cycle of poverty
        
        launched in Budget 2018
      - 2 components
        
        1.5 lakh PHC to be transformed to Health and wellness centres
        
        services
        
        free essential drugs, diagnostic, mother-child care
        
        non - communicable diseases
        
        PM - JAY - National HEalth protection scheme
        
        facts
        
        largest health insurance scheme in world
        
        based on SECC - 2011 data
        
        for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation (advance health care)
        
        cover 10.7 cr poor and vulnerable families = 50 cr individuals
    - - started in 1978 as expanded prog of immunization
      - 1985 - Universal Immunization Prog -free vaccines against v preventible diseaases - measles, HEpatitis B, TB, Hapatitis B,Japanese encephalitis
      - 2014 - Misison Indradhanush
      - 2017 Intensified Misison Indradhanush
      - Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0
      - Indradhanush 3.0
        
        to reach those missed or left out due to cOVID
        
        IMI 3.0 Portal for data reporting and analysis
    - - by M of Chemical s
      - to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to masses via PM Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras
      - objectives
        
        make available quality medicines consumables and surgical items at affordable prices for all and thereby reducing OOP
        
        to popularize generic mdeicines among masses
        
        and to do away with notion that low priced generic medicines are of inferior quality or less effective
        
        generate employmenmet by engaginf=g ind entreprenuer in opening of PMBJP Kendras
  - - - a health account and ID will be created for every Indian
        
        details of tests, diseases, medicines, dr visits,
        
        a health aadhar
        
        portable and easy accessible info
      - 5 digital system estb -
        
        Health ID
        
        Digi doctor
        
        Health facility registry
        
        personal health records
        
        Electronic medical records
      - voluntary health care prog to create digital health infrast by integrating dr, pharmacies, hospitals and insurance co. https://ndhm.gov.in/assets/images/about.png
      - pros
        
        expected to cut travel costs
        
        will reduce OOP spend for health
        
        will bridge the existing gap amongst different stakeholders of Healthcare ecosystem through digital highways.
      - aim
        
        develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country.
  - - - Resistance acquired by any microorganism against antimicrobial drugs that are used to treat infections.
      - Microorganisms that develop AMR referred to as “superbugs”.
      - now regarded as a major threat to public health across the globe.
      - As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others.
    - - pharmaceutical waste
      - hospital effluents released into water bodies w/o adequate treatment
  - - - good health and well being
  - - - TN case
        
        enlightened political leadership interested in health and well being of people
        
        enthusiastic distt Admin to promote various health initiatives
        
        by giving incentives to well performing distt - govt encouraged a healthy competition among distt
        
        lowest TFR 1.6 comparable with some of the most developed economies like
        
        Germany 1.57
      - effective Maternal and Child health and Family Welfare schemes
    - - while it is neccesary to have healthcare it is also equally imp to have preventive health care
        
        social support services
        
        playgrounds
        
        facilities for developing extra curricular activities and happiness related parameters
        
        investing in health and edu should be prioritized
        
        a public health set up in poor performing states taht addresses primary and preventive health
  - - - WB- beds - 53 per 1 lakh people
      - Nurses and mid wives = 172.7 pe 1 lakh people
    - - low public health expenditure - seen during pandemic time also - NHP 2017 - exp from existing 1.15% to 2.5% of /gdp by 2025.
      - lack of expert bodies at state levels
        
        Centre - key player in public health management with main bodies with technical expertise eg ICMR
        
        so difficult for centre to deal with pandemic in a decentralised approach
      - interstate variation in fiscal space
        
        avg per capita exp - 1580 rs 2019-20 - Bihar UP cant even reach this
      - High OOP - 62% of total health exp in /india is OOP - highest in world
        
        NHP 2017 - to decrease proportion of households facing health exp by 25% - 2025
    - - Central govt to take responsibility of direct procurement - so that can bargain for a good price from vaccine mfgers and then distribute to states - economy of scale benefit rather states themselves procuring it
      - creation of Pandemic PReparedness unit under central govt for purpose like - disease survelliance, public health management etc
      - coordinated national plan at central level - continuation of strategies - PM CARES funds etc
      - decentralised approach not suitable as it might exacerbate the existing inequalities among the states
  - - - due to low Haemoglobin in RBC
      - different types -
        
        due to Fe deficiency - not enough iron to make Hb
        
        genetic conditions, worm infection, internal bleeding, excessive blood discharge during menstrual cycle
      - affects 40-50% women and children in country
      - anaemia due to low hb - high in rural areas and due to fe deficiency - high in urban areas
      - measured by RBC count and Hb levels in blood, iron content not measured-expensive so w/o measuring iron content simply iron supplements are given
      - we are treating all anaemia as iron deficiency anaemia -other types ignored
    - - increasing iron intake alone will not address anameia
      - addressing poverty related constraints like foll is important
        
        poor diet quality
        
        hampering iron abosrption and utilization
        
        infections to be addressed to improve iron absorption from gut
  - - - state of well being in which every ind realizes his/her own potential + can cope up with normal stresses of life can work productively and fruitfully and able to make contributions to his/her community
      - 10-25 year life expectancy reduction in patients with severe mental disorders
      - data
        
        share of mental hospitals per 1 lakh population is as low as 0.01
        
        low rankings due to lack of focussed attention given to mental health
    - - mental illness
        
        anxiety disorders
        
        mood diorders
        
        psychotic disorders
      - mental disorder
        
        depression
        
        bipolar disorder
        
        lancet report-1/7 people in India had a mental disorder - mild to severe in 2017
    - - National Mental Health Policy 2014
        
         Promoting mental healthcare
        
         Prevention and curation of mental illness
        
         Promoting de-stigmatization and
        
         Ensuring socio-economic inclusion
      - Mental healthcare act 2017
        
        • Creates a justiciable right to mental healthcare.
        
        takes a rights based approach to many aspects
        
        provisions
        
        writing an advance directive- ppl can make choices of reatment and future
        
        righ to info about their illness
        
        Right to confidentiality of their medical condition right to access their medical records etc.
        
         Decriminalized suicide attempts - by
        persons with mental illness.
      - other measures
        
        NAtional health mission
        
        Ayushman Bharat
        
        both 1 and 2 Have necessary components to address the mental
        health issues of all sections of the population.
    - - • Increase the number of personnel in the
        mental health sector.
      - telemedicine facilities
      - increasing counselling facilities - esp in rural areas, with special support for women
      - stress on community based programmes, awareness programs and role of pvt sector
      - integrated approach for detecting , treating and managing patient needs
      - work towards reducing discriminatory attitudes
- - - - eg - in AndP - 73%(65%) of fully vaccinated children 12-23 months of age
    - - maternal & child health indicators
      - vaccination coverage among children 12-23 months
      - women's empowerment indicators - women with bank account, participating in household decisions, owing a house
      - decline in fertility rate, increase use of contraceptives
  - - - focus on diet and food related aspects also
      - combine NFHS + National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau + NAtional Sample Survey and collect data regading diet, house hold expenditure, consumption on food related expenses
  - - - preschool edu, disability, bathing practices during menstruation,reasons & methods of abortion
- - - - Rigveda - population count maintained during 800-600 BC in India
      - Arthashastra by Kautilya prescribed collection of pop stats as a measure of state policy for taxation
      - Ain-e-Akbari - pop data
      - systemic and modern pop census conducted non synchronously b/w 1865 - 1872 - first pop census of India
      - 1st synch census - 1881 tabse har 10 yr
    - - intro
        
        study of status of rural & urban households
      - 3 components under Rural ministry
        
        in rural areas
        
        urban areas under MoHUA
        
        mhacaste census- Registrar Gen of India & Census Commissioner of India under
      - significance
        
        help in periodical review of community wise lists - benefits do not perpetually go in favour of few castes
        
        to explain high level of reservation by quantifiable caste data as evidence of under rep in services
      - criticism
        
        act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste would perpetuate the caste system
  - - - Skill India Mission
      - NEP, 2020
      - The National Policy for Skill Dev and Entrepreneurship, 2015