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Reading 15 - the design of processes - Coggle Diagram
Reading 15 - the design of processes
A step-based approach to process design
Process design is often explained as a series of logical steps, each addresses a specific question about the organisation and configuration of a processes resources
Figure 1 - pg 140 - Fourstep approch to process design
Step 1. Understanding the design factors = two factors, 1=influence by operations performacnce objectives such as quality, speed and cost. 2=main drivers are volume of work that needs to go through process and variety of outputs from the process
Volume
Variety
variation (in demand)
Visibility
Slack et al (2010) suggests profiling each operation in the 4 dimensions Figure 2 (pg 142) shows how they profiled differnet types of banking ioeration. Take note that the volume scale in the diagram runs from low to high, but the other scales are high to low
Step 2: Process choice - high level decisions about how resources are organised within a process and therefore how work flows. largely driven by volume of workand variety of outputs that operation is expected to cope with. Op process can also influence process choiceoptions offers very differnet performance characteristics, especialy in terms of cost and flexibility
Project processes
Jobbing processess
batch processes
Mass processes
Continuous processes
Professional services
Service shops
Mass Services
Figure 3 pg 145 - volume variety and process choice for manufacturing and services
Mass customisation as a way to achieve high volume and variety
one of the features of the process choice concept is that it embeds the idea of trade offs in process design. It implies that you can produce goods and services with high variety but not in high volume
bespoke products - made to order
product process able to be easily interchanged with set options.
Step 3: Layout choice - /high-level layout decisions are about how resources are grouped in general terms. Are there specialised departments where everyone has the same skilss, with work flowing between sections? Can the process be arranged in the exact sequence of how the product or service needs to be created or delivered? Again, there is a fixed set of layout types and generally one of these must be chosen for the process
Fixed position layout
Functional Layout
Figure 5 - pg 149 - A typical hospital layout seen as a functional layout
product layout
Hybrid and mixed layouts
Table 1 - Advantages and disadvantages of layout types - page 152
Layout, volume and variety
Figure 7. How volume and variety influence layout - page 153
Detailed process design
full floor plan, answering questions to ensure the flow works without wasiting time. Easy flow, is it safe, accessible, can it be cleaned maintained safely?
Figure 8 - spaghetti diagram showing movement of a customer through a service
Step 4. Detailed design - detailed decisions to be made about how much equipment is needed, how many people there are and who does work. there are elements such as job design that come into consideration here. At this point there needs to be fairly precise knowledge about the tasks involved and good forecasts about how much likely meed producing over time