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History of English - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Domesday Book - a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror to determine what taxes had been owed during the reign of King Edward the Confessor, thereby allowing William to reassert the rights of the Crown and assess where power lay after a wholesale redistribution of land following the Norman conquest.
      - Henry I (1100-1135) - marries off his daughter, Empress Matilda, to Geoffrey Plantagenet. Their son, Henry II (1154-1189), was the first of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry II was made Duke of Normandy in 1150 and became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185. He controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland, Wales and the Duchy of Brittany.
      - John Lackland (1199 -1216), the fourth child of Henry II, went to war with France in 1202, but lost. In 1204, Normandy, Anjou and Poitou were under French control. On 15th June 1215, he was forced to sign Magna Carta, Great Charter of Freedoms, which promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown. John was the first king of England since the Norman Conquest who could speak English.
      - The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453): when it ended, England lost its Continental possessions except Calais. it led to the emergence of a much greater sense of patriotism and national identity and rejection of all things French. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385.
      - Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) caused by the instability the Hundred Years' War brought. A power struggle between two Plantagenet dynasties: the House of Lancaster (the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose). The fighting ended with the ascension of Henry VII to the throne and the beginning of the Tudor Dynasty.
        
        William Caxton introduced a printing press into England, in 1476.
        
        The English Renaissance begins with the Battle of Bosworth Field ending the Wars of the Roses (1485), and its peak is marked by the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century.
        
        The English Reformation in 16th-century England: the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. It was mostly caused by Henry VIII's desire for an annulment of his marriage, as well as the invention of the printing press, increased circulation of the Bible and the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars, the upper and middle classes and readers in general. Thus the English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute.
        
        Discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492
        
        Jamestown, Virginia: the first permanent English settlement in America (in 1607) after King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company.
        
        1619 – the first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
        
        In 1620, the Mayflower transported the Pilgrims across the Atlantic, and the Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony in Cape Cod.
        
        In 1670 Hudson’s Bay Company was charted for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
        
        1775-83 – The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles.
        
        In 1788 the English first settled Australia near modern Sydney
        
        In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase ultimately resulted in westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean
        
        1642-48 – the Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and established a military dictatorship, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
        
        In 1660 the Royal Society was founded to promote scientific knowledge and research
        
        In 1702 the first daily newspaper was published in London.
        
        In 1719 Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, identified as the first modern novel in English
        
        The House of Hanoverians (1714-1837)
        
        The Victorian era: the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901
        
        In 1828 Noah Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language was published
      - In mid-14th c., the Black Death killed a third to half of the population, but paradoxically,brought the improvement in the
        economic importance of the working class
- - - - Latin borrowings: continental period (war, and trade), settlement period (placenames: -caster, -port), Christian period (church, learning); 450 Latin words
      - Scandinavian borrowings: about 1,800 words; recognized on phonological grounds - ON /sk/ vs. OE /ʃ/; ON /k, g/ vs. OE /j/; OE /ei, e:/ vs. OE /a:/
      - Scandinavian placenames: -by, -thorp
      - Scandinavian grammatical borrowings: they, their, them replaced OE hie hiera him; though, hence, are (from OE earun (Mercian), aron
        (Northumbrian) and the ON cognate erum); 3rd sg -s
      - Very few Celtic borrowings: place names of rivers, e.g. Avon , Thames; dunn, druid, cross
    - - Grammar: transition from synthetic to analytic language type continues and finishes by the 13th c. (simplification of plural inflections, loss of grammatical gender and case, simplification of pronoun forms, depletion of strong verbs (regularisation of verb forms), word order becomes fixed; no auxiliary verb in questions and negatives
      - Triglossia: English, French and Latin used for different social situations; the 14th c. - the rise of prestige of English
      - Major dialects: Northern, East Midlands, West Midlands, Southern; differences between northern and southern dialects
      - French borrowings: before 1250 - via contacts with French nobility and literature; after 1250 - introduced by
        French speakers turning to English. Loss
        of many native words. Semantic fields: government
        and administration, the Church, law, the army and navy, fashion, meals , social life, art, learning,
        medicine. Over 10,000 words were adopted
      - End of the 14th century onwards: the development of Standard English. Prestigious forms of English emerged - with loanwords from French and Latin. The East Midland dialect, the London variety, becomes Standard
      - Latin loanwords: several thousand direct Latin borrowings, particularly towards the end of the ME period. Most: religion, science, law and literature
      - Phonological changes: shift of /x/ to /f/, reduction of vowels in inflectional endings, New consonantal phonemes: voiced fricatives /ð/, /v/, /z/ (due to French and Latin borrowings), loss of OE /y/, /ēa/, vowel lengthening in open syllables, loss of final /ə/; beginnings of the Great Vowel Shift
      - Early Modern English (1500-1650)
        
        Phonological changes: main effects - 15th-16th c.;
        the old spelling preserved
        
        Dictionaries: Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall (1604, first one), Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755, the most famous one)
        
        Grammar: pronouns you forms and thou used in different social contexts (you - addressing the superior, thou - addressing the inferior); the genitive 's; auxiliary verb do used in poetry as an extra syllable to make up a metrical line; AuxV do begins to appear in negative sentences, no auxV in questions yet
        
        Vocabulary
        
        Latin borrowings: around 13,000 new loanwords in the 16th c., of which 7,000 were from Latin; some with unchanged form, other with adaptation, words ending with the Greek-based suffixes “-ize” and “-ism”; latinate expressions (usually loanwords from Latin, sometimes words modelled on Latin) were often used to elevate the style of writing - The Inkhorn Controversy and purism
        
        Shekespeare’s neologisms
        
        International trade in the 16th and 17th c. - borrowings from world languages
        
        1475-1630: Regulation and spelling reform
        
        Late Modern English (1650-1800)
        
        Expansion of English in geography and in speakers: by British colonization and empire-building, and by American activities in world affairs
        
        borrowings from world languages
        
        The rise of “New Englishes”: British English and American English (Noah Webster)
        
        Grammar very similar to present-day English
        
        Present-day English (1800-today)