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1800s, 1900s - Coggle Diagram
1800s
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Supreme Court Cases
Dred Scott v Sanford (1857): stated slaves were not citizens of the US, and could therefore not expect any protection from the government or the courts. Also stated that Congress had no authority to ban slavery from federal territory.
Plessy v Ferguson (1896): upheld racial segregation through “separate but equal” doctrine. Lead to more restrictive Jim Crow segregation becoming more commonplace.
1900s
Congress Legislation
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Civil Rights Act (1964): ended segregation in public places as well as housing or job discrimination based on race
Voting Rights Act (1965): Allowed African-Americans the right to vote and removed literacy tests as a barrier for voting
Title IX (1972): Title IX: federally funded educational institutions cannot discriminate on the basis of sex
Supreme Court Cases
Reed v Reed (1971): Court finally applied equal protection clause against a law that discriminated on the basis of gender (an Idaho statute that had stated that “males must be preferred to females” for administering estate). RBG involved.
Regents of University of California v Bakke (1978): ruled that universities using racial quotas was unconstitutional, but affirmative action was constitutional in some circumstances. Overall, states may consider race as a factor in university admissions to promote educational diversity, but only if considered with other factors and on a case by case basis.
Brown v Board of Education (1954): ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Reversed the precedent from Plessy because “separate but equal” doctrine did not in fact support equality.
Executive Orders
Executive order 8802: prohibited racial discrimination within workplace, signed by Roosevelt
Executive order 9981: appointed the first African-American judge and other African-American officials and also desegregated the armed forces, signed by Truman
Executive order 11246: prohibits federal contractors from discriminating against employees on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, or national origin
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