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Transition metals - Coggle Diagram

- - - - first ionization energy increases
        
        because inner-shell electrons ave a greater shielding effect than valence electrons
        
        the rate of increase is much lower and gradual for transition elements
  - - - type A
        
        stable high oxidation states
        
        unstable low oxidation states
      - type B
        
        stable high oxidation states
        
        stable low oxidation states
      - type C
        
        unstable high oxidation states
        
        stable low oxidation states
      - related to the patterns of ionization energies
    - - chromophore - group of atoms responsible for the absorption of electromagnetic radiation
        
        allows compounds of zinc to have colours
    - - coordinate bonding - pair of electrons comes from the same atom
      - ligands - atoms, molecules or ions that contain a lone pair of electrons that coordinate to a central transition metal to form a complex
        
        classification of ligands
        
        monodentate ligands - only form one coordinate bond with a metal ion
        
        polydentate ligands (chelate ligands) - form two or more such bonds
      - coordination compounds
    - - some processes they are used in
        
        Haber process (Fe)
        
        decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (MnO2)
        
        hydrogenation of alkenes (Ni, Pd, Pt)
        
        hydrogenation of oils (Ni)
      - catalytic converters in cars
      - catalysts in green chemistry
      - biological catalysts - enzymes
    - - paramagnetic - unpaired electrons that behave as tiny magnets, attracted by an external magnetic field
      - diamagnetic - no unpaired electrons, repelled by external magnetic fields