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B2 - Organisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - temperature
        
        pH
  - - - amylase: breaks down starch into simple sugars,
        
        made in pancreas, salivary glands
        
        actions sites: mouth, small intestine
      - protease: make amino acids (from proteins)
        
        action sites: small intestine, stomach
        
        made in pancreas, stomach
      - lipase: lipids to fatty acids + glycerol
        
        made in small intestine, pancreas
    - - emulsification: turning fat into small droplets
        
        works coz smaller fat drops have a higher surface area than the original fat drop which increases the rate of the lipase-catalysed reactions that break down fats
      - alkaline so neutralises stomach acids so the enzymes in the small intestine can operate at the optimum pH
      - stored in gall bladder
    - - proteins: biuret, will turn purple
      - sugar: benedict's + heat, will turn green, yellow or red
      - starch: iodine, will go blue-black
      - lipids: ethanol, shake, cloudy emulsion
- - - - smaller arteries, pass close to body cells
      - waste products like CO2 move out the cells and into the blood, food and oxygen moves from blood to cells
      - thin walls
    - - elastic fibres in walls
      - thick muscles in walls
      - Arteries take blood Away from the heart
    - - thinner walls than arteries
      - organs to heart
      - have valves which stop back flow of blood
      - low pressure in blood so wider cross-section
  - - - four chambers: the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles.
        
        left ventricle has thickest walls
      - also contains valves and a pacemaker
        
        pacemaker is a group of cells in the right atrium, controlling the pumping of the heart
      - Blood entering the heart through the right atrium is deoxygenated and comes from the body. Blood entering the heart through the left atrium is oxygenated and comes from the lungs.
      - when the heart beats, 1. blood enters the heart via the atria, 2.atria contract, forcing blood down into the ventricles below, 3. ventricles contract which forces blood to exit the heart
    - - pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
      - pulmonary artery transports de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs
      - coronary arteries: the coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
      - aorta:heart pumps out oxygenated blood to the body
      - vena cava:heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through this
  - - - white blood cells
        
        have a nucleus
        
        can chnage shapet to squeeze through walls of blood vessels into tissues to engulf harmful microorganisms
      - red blood cells
        
        haemoglobin binds with then carries the oxygen from lungs to the body cells and used for respiration
        
        Biconcave shape
        
        small, can pass through capillaries
        
        no nucleus to free up more room for oxygen
      - platelets
        
        no nucleus, responsible for triggering blood clotting at wound sites
- - - - Health is defined as a state of physical and mental well-being
    - - physical problems can greatly impact upon a person's mental health
      - a disease that suppresses the immune system can make people more susceptible to catching different diseases
      - viruses copying cells can stimulate cancers
      - allergies can be triggered by an immune reaction to a pathogen
    - - if big population, lower sample size, e.g. only sample every, 10 people
  - - - smoking --> lung disease
      - smoking during pregnancy --> low weight of babies
      - excessive alcohol --> liver and brain damage
      - poor life style --> cardiovascular disease
      - obesity --> type 2 diabetes
      - exposure to radiation --> cancer
      - excessive alcohol consumption whilst pregnant --> brain damage in babies
    - - genetics
      - age
  - - - coronary arteries narrow because of a build up of fatty deposits, this reduces blood flow and causes a lack of oxygen supplied to the heart
      - non-communicable
      - treatment
    - - Leaky valves allow backflow of blood, forces heart to do more work to circulate the same volume of blood, which puts a strain on the heart.
      - valves that don't open fully can obstruct blood flow, greater force, added strain on heart.
      - fixing faulty valves
        
        animal or artificial valves can be inserted, major surgery, can cause blood clots
    - - artificial heart
        
        unlikely to be rejected by immune system
        
        artificial hearts can also be used to provide the heart with some rest to allow for recovery
      - can result in long expensive hospital stays
      - can cause blood clotting which can permanently lead to strokes
      - heart transplants
        
        if no donor organs, patients use artificial heart until donor arrives
      - statins are drugs that can be taken to decrease cholesterol levels, causing less fatty materials, less fatty deposits. have side effects
      - stents: inserted in order to keep coronary arteries open. can close up again because of irritation and build up of scar tissue. drugs must be taken to prevent blood clotting
  - - - malignant tumours: can spread, creating secondary tumours
      - benign:can't spread, harmless
    - - genetics
      - lifestyle
- - - - palisade mesophyll: below upper epidermis, exposed to alot of sunlight, lots of chloroplasts
      - stomata: found in lower epidermis, gaps between guard cells, used for diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf
      - spongy mesophyll: contains air spaces, help with gas exchange
      - epidermal tissue: covers outside of leaf as well as rest of plant
  - - - Xylem cells are DEAD so they have a low resistance to water. they have no end walls. LIGNIN helps strengthen and water proof cells
      - root hair cells: lots of mitochondria for active transport, long projections for large surface area
- - - - stomach
        
        epithelial tissue: lines the stomach
        
        muscular tissue: moves contents or stomach
        
        Glandular tissue:produces digestive juices that break down food
      - Large intestine: absorbs water from undigested food
      - small intestine: digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules
      - glands: produce digestive enzymes
      - Liver: produces bile