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Infrastructure (I) and Investment models - Coggle Diagram
Infrastructure (I) and Investment models
Energy
Reports -
India's Energy Outlook
Challenges
Way forward
Electricity and natural gas can be brought under GST to provide a level playing field b/w coal and gas
WEO by IEA
Green buildings(gb)
definition
a building that in its design, construction or operation
eliminate or reduce -ve impacts
can crate +ve impacts on our climate and natural env
features that can make a building green
efficient use of energy, water and other resources
pollution and waste reduction measures
use of renewable energy (solar)
Re-use and recycling
use of materials that are non toxic and sustainable
facts
India has currently, over 7.61 billion sq ft gb footprint
and it is amongst top 5 countries in world
advantages
economic benefits
cost effectiveness
being energy efficient save a huge amot of money on energy bills
saves upto 20% of operating and maintaining cost
envtal benefits
eco friendly
reuses rainwater & greywater
material used to build - recycled, biomass material
temeparture regulation
green roofs hence much cooler than regular buildings
greenery induces moisture around building - create pleasant env in and around the construction
emission reduction
emits 62% less GHGs
social benefits
+vely impacts mental and physical health as gb reduces amt of pollution
Steps taken towards GB promotion in India
by M of power
Eco Niwas Samhita 2018
ECBC for residential buildings
by M of power
BEE
ECBC code
revised in 2017
prescribes energy performance stds fro new commercial b to be constructed
objective - to establish min requirements for energy efficient design and construction of b
launched in 2007 by BEE
Star rating prog for commercial buildings
rates buildings on 5 star scale based on actual performance in terms of energy usage
Two rating systems operating for rating gb in India
LEED
by US gb council
an international recognised certification system for gb
GRIHA
by TERI and MNRE
evaluates the envtal performance of b holistically over its entire life cycle
Indian gb council - part of CII
formed in 2001
offer services - certification services, gb training prog
Challenges in adoption
inadequate govt policies and procedures
lack of ease of doing
builders and developers have to follow very tedious process fro approvals for gb compliances
though govt is deciding ambitious targets fro gb it lacks in proper rules and regulations to enforce large scale implementation
expensive equipment and product
lack of skilled manpower and expertise
in form of policymakers, to architects, eng to contractors and workers
Limited awareness
large segment of indian people not aware of gb and its benefits
way forward
Encouragement
FC and local bodies should encourage gb via tax incentives
Legislation
making gb mandatory via leg
existing buildings too should be retrofitted to make them en friendly by adopting green practices
for new construction
Campaigning and awareness
promoting 'Net Zero Carbon b'
capacity building
govt should formulate startegies to develop skills among architects, engg, workers
Electricity
Acts/Rules
Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020
Right of consumers to have min std of service for supply of electricity
New connections, refunds in time bound manner
penalties if disregard consumer rights
compensation to consumers
Rules empowers consumers but enhances burden on DISCOMS
DISCOMS
measures
Liquidity injection of 90k cr in may 2020
way forward
embracing energy efficiency (EE)
intro
using technology that requires less energy but same output
benefits
Environmental
Lowers GHG
decrease water use
Economic
lower ind utility bill
create jobs
helps stabilize electricity prices and volatility
long term benefits by lowering overall electricity demand hence reducing need to invest in new elecetricity generation and transmission infrast
Measures
Standards & Labelling Programme
BEE, 2006
display of energy performance labels on high energy end use appliances
2 types - voluntary and mandatory
data
India Residential Energy Survey
25% Indian households aware abt BEE's star label
90% homes use LED tubeslamps
issues
less adoption of ee cieling fans, TV bcz of higher cost + ltd availability
some products under S&L scheme not much available or famous
All regularly used appliances are not covered under scheme - induction cook stoves
way forward/ to attain 24*7 power
Improving availability & affordability of ee appliances
need of innovative business model to attract mfgers
Nation wide consumer awareness campaign on ee
Building consumer confidence
by using smart meters
Gas based economy
aim
to increase share of NG from present 6% to 15% by 2020
Steps
enhancing domestic gas production
expeditious dev of gas infra - pipelines
City gas distribution networks and Re-gasified LNG (R-LNG)
Natural Gas Pipelines
economic and safe mode of transporting NG by connecting gas sources to gas consuming markets
eg - KG basin
NAtional Gas Grid
to develop 14,300 km pipeline
to ensure adequate availability and equitable distribution of NG in all parts of country
eg - Jagdishpur -Haldia / Bokaro Dharma Pipeline project
Biogas
intro
energy rich gas
by anerobic decomposition of biomass
composition - methane - (40-60%), CO2, H20, CO, O2, Sulfide, HC
issues
corrosive and not suitable to be used as fuel (cause erosion of metal parts of automobiles)
Biogas upgrading
contaminants in raw biogas are absorbed - leaving more methane per unit volume of gas (Biomethane
Biomethane can be
compressed and bottled into cylinders to form Bio CNG or Compressed Bio gas
Bio CNG
92-98% of methane and 2-8% of CO2
calorific value - 167% higher than biogas
ideal fuel for automobiles and power generation
low quantity of moisture, Hydrogen sulfide and impurities
more env friendly fuel than biogas and low emission levels
oil/petrol
initiaitves to reduce fuel imports and increase fuel efficiency standards
1.Fuel efficiency standards
for passenger vehicles
heavy duty vehicles (which consume 60% of diesel used in country
issue - India's 2022 fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars are nearly 20% less stringent than EU standards
NEMMP 2020
by govt in 2013
to achieve national fuel security by promoting e and hybrid vehicles
issues
primarily focused on hybrid E- vehicles- results in global ev mfger ignoring Indian market and focusing more in European market
FAME 2015, phase 2 -2019
NAtional Policy on BIofuel 208
PM-JIVAN in line with this
NAtional Gas GRid
create a network of pipeline infra to connect gas sources to major demand centres
develop City gas Distribution Network
Remove regional imbalance in access to NG
way forward to reduce our dependence on petroleum
govt should formulate zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) programme
should require mfgers to produce a certain no. of ev compulsorily
FAME Scheme should be extended to agricultural tractors
Govt should make the GST rates for all passenger vehicles proportional to their fuel efficiency level
fuel efficiency standards to be applicable on 2 wheeler vehicles also
Digital India Mission
facts
India has750 million internet connections
digital platforms are thriving (G2C r improving)
Advice to agriculturists
DBT
legal advice under Tele law scheme
eg of g2c service
now we can apply birth certf or change in aadhar via CSC or at home by net
way forward
should be used to achieve UHC - universal health coverage scheme
usage of digital methods in road safety
can reduce accident mortality rate (currently - 1.5 lakh deaths per yr)
Projects
Central Vista Redevelopment Project
MoHUA
Objectives
upgrading Pt space
Consolidating, rationalizing govt's functioning
To strengthen cultural institutions in CEntral Vista
Criticisim
Lack of transparency
Lack of clearance issues
Reasons why SC cant do anything to stop project
Court can't order the govt not to spend money on one project and use for something else bcz SOP
Right to dev - part of basic human right
use as eg for SOP
SC said - it has nothing to do with functioning of govt as long as governance is within the C and legal procedures
Transport
E-vehicles
benefits
energy security
reduces import dependency
leads to domestic battery development
LAtin America - Argentina -Bolivia - Chile - Litihium triangle (80% of Lithium )
alters India's rel with resource rich Latin America
Fire- applied q ethics case study
Hospitals
Reasons
Administrative
no fire audits
Faulty electrical equipments
safety protocols yet to be insitutionalised, even in hospitals
poorly trained staff
Technical
Oxygen availability in ICU + motors , electrical units and plasticsfurther fuel it
How to avert
Regular fire audits
Comprehensive National building safety codes
Oxygen monitors in all hospital rooms
Electrical appliances with spark potential - far away from oxygen saturated areas
Regular safety and evacuation drills
Public platform - by central govt - sharing of k gained from inquires into hospital fires
triaging - deciding the order of treatment of patients - reducing crowding in hospitals
National Building Code 2016 - not binding :(
provides guidelines for regulation of building construction activities
includes
Approach to sustainability
fire safety requirements
Admin regulations
and so on
hence a model code . though released byBIS
'safety will favour only those who are prepared for it'
NDM Plan 2016 -
aim - to make India Disaster resilient and reduce loss of lives and assets
covers all phases of DM prevebtion , response, mitigation , recovery
given infrstructural and sytematic recom to reduc erisk of fires
Model Bill of 2019 to provide for manitenance of fire and emergency service fro state
fire service a state subject hence model
has been included as a municiapl funcnction undder 12th sc
provisions
water supply
fire and emergency response
Establishment of Fire and Emergnecy Training Institute
constitution of Fire prevention and life safety Fund
way ahead
Ports
Shipping
intro
vital role in world trade
backbone of world economy
Advantages of Indian in shipping sector
host to one of the most imp world trade route ie connects far east with Europe
India blessed with over 7500 km of coatsline along IOR
16th largest maritime country in world
India
data
Around 95% of India's trading by vol and 70 % by value is done via maritime transport
12 major and 205 notified minor and intermediate ports
issues
lack of shore based infrastructural support - includes road and rail connectivity
way forward
major ports should be made cargo specific
Speedup of Sagarmala project and it should support ship building and owning
Infra to be developed on a par with global stds and should be connected with hinterlands and international sea routes
our port will automatically become transhipment hubs and our quality products will be available in global markets at competitive price
should include coastal communities
Recycling
Hongkong Convention of IMO
I - memeber
Alang, Gujarat -
one of the world's biggest ship recycling yards where around 30 % of the global ship are recycled annually
target 50%
activity of complete or partial dismantling of a ship in order to recover components and materials for re processing and re use whilst taking care of hazardous and other materials
done at ship recycling facility
data
UNCTAD- India had demolished 6323 tonnes in 2017
Laws
Recycling of Ships act 2019
provides for regulation of recycling of ships by setting certain international standards
not applicable to warships and non commercial ships operated by Govt
restricts and prohibits use or installation of hazardous materials
immediate for new ships
Existing ships- 5 years for compliance
Roads
Road safety
way forward
Enhance effectiveness of institutional mechanisms and awareness building
differentiated support for vulnerable road users esp from rural Low Income Households
Sensitization
media for greater reporting
police on rights of road crash victims
ensure coordination b/w diff stakeholders
Constitution of National Road Safety Board as mandated by Motor Vehicles Act , 1988
Insitutionalise Post crash emergency care and make health infra and coverage more accessible and inclusive
urgent need to lower oop of Low income househols
Implementing schemes for cashless treatment of road victims
Additional support to vulnerable people, including women under proposed cashless treatment scheme under Motor Vehicle Act
Ensuring quality of care at hospital
provide mental health support
Improving access to emeegency medical care
publicize emergency numbers and create more awareness about it
112 - has been declared a pan- India emergency help line number - immediate assistance services - police, fire, health and women
make insurance policies more inclusive by covering for rehab and recovery of victims
provide social security net fo rvictims from LIH via state support
integrating road crash victims as a special category in social security schmes
Rehab facility to be set up in every district
support to continue edu
create an accessible legal framework for road crash victims to avail insurance and compensation
implementation of Modified CLaims Tribunal Agreed Procedure
Mechanism for interim compensation
Address the disproportionate gender impact of RTI via participative governance and special schemes for women
emergency cash transfer to vulnerable female headed households
strengthen post crash support for children and young adults
enactment and implementation of child road safety provisions in MVAA, 2019
ensure safe school zones
issueance of child road safety policy
Schems
Ethanol Blended PRog - 10% by 2022 30 % by 2030
how env friendly
has oxygen - allows complete combustion by emgine of the fuel --fewer emissions
CO2 released by vehicle when eth burned is offset by CO2 captured when feedstock crops are grown to produce ethanol not the case in diesel becuase they are refined from petrloeum extracted from earth
Renewable fuel as from plants
no gummy deposits
