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CHAPTER 7 & 8. PRAGMATICS. - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7 & 8. PRAGMATICS.
POLITENESS
Can then be defined as the means employed to show
awareness of another person's face.
there will be different kinds of politeness associated (and marked linguistically) with the assumption of relative social distance or closeness.
With your boss. Excuse me, Am i allowed to eat a snack
_
.With a Friend: Let´s see what's in your fridge.
FACE WANTS.
If a speaker says something that represents a threat to another individual's expectations regarding self-image, it is described as a face threatening act
Come on, he is driving to fast, I should better tell him to stop.
Alternatively, the speaker can say something to lessen the possible threat. This is called a face saving act.
Don't be rude, just ask him to slow down.
Positive Face.
positive face is the
need to be connected
Negative Face.
negative face is the need to be independent
INTERACTION
Self and other: say nothing
It occurs when a "self" is needing someting but he rathers to make "other" to notice about it so he can receive that something without saying a word.
Say something: off and on record
you can directly address the other as a means of expressing your needs. These direct address forms are on record.
an off record statement may or may not succeed (as a
means of getting a pen), but if it does,
POSITIVE POLITENESS
leads the requester to appeal to a
common goal, and even friendship
How about letting me use your pen? buddy?
NEGATIVE POLITENESS
However, in most contexts, a face saving act is more commonly performed via a negative politeness strategy
I'm sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or
something?
CONVERSATION
the structure of the talk, the basic pattern of T speak—you speak—I speak—you speak', will derive from that fundamental kind of interaction we acquire first and use most often. This is the structure of conversation
Floor.
The right to speak.
A turn
. Having control of this
scarce commodity at any time
Turn-taking
In any situation where control is not fixed in advance, anyone can attempt to get control.
Local management system.
a set of conventions for getting turns, keeping them, or giving them away
Any possible change-of-turn
point is called a Transition Relevance Place
Pauses, overlaps, and backchannels
participants taking turns, and only one participant speaking at any time
overlap = both speakers trying to speak at the same
time) are felt to be awkward
BACKCHANELS= provide feedback to the current speaker that the message is being received.
Conversational style.
high involvement style
conversation will be very
active, no pausing, overlaping and completition.
high considerateness style
This non-interrupting, non-imposing style (more relaxing).
PREFERENCE STRUCTURE:
a first part that contains a request or an offer is typically made in the expectation that the second part will be an acceptance.
preferred is the structurally expected
next act
dispreferred is the structurally unexpected next
act.
acceptance is the preferred and refusal is the dispreferred second part