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Reason and Enlightenment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - people began questioning the natural world around them
      - philosophers contradicted the Bible and prior beliefs with new scientific evidence
      - Astronomy
        
        Copernicus
        
        first to challenge the common belief that the solar system revolved around the Earth
        
        Catholic Church viewed his theories as heretical, condemned him
        
        Galileo
        
        First European to use a telescope
        
        Supported Copernicus' findings
        
        Helped develop Heliocentric model
        
        condemned from Church as heretical
      - Science
        
        Francis Bacon
        
        served on court of James I
        
        conducted experiments to explore the natural world
        
        scientific method and inductive reasoning formulated by his ideas
        
        Anatomy
        
        mysogonistic practices used to study anatomy of women (conclusions were un-scientific and prejudiced)
        
        William Harvey
        
        theories of blood circulation laid foundation for modern physiology
        
        contradicted previous theory (Galen's) that blood was produced in the liver
        
        Rene Descartes
        
        helped lay strong foundation for scientific method
        
        founder of modern rationalism and philosophy
        
        believed humans could understand the natural world by principles inherent in mathematical thinking (rationalization)
        
        Isaac Newton
        
        Newtonian Laws
        
        scientific inquiry
        
        laws for motion
- - - - monarchs with power began to worry about people's rights
      - political system headed by absolute monarch that focuses on wellbeing of people
      - religious freedom, education, and art
      - encouraged by Voltaire
    - - Catherine the Great of Russia
        
        Empress of Russia
        
        ruled the golden age
        
        modernized Russia
        
        funded forst womens school - Smolney Institute
        
        worsened conditions for peasents
      - Frederick II the Great of Prussia
        
        modernized Prussian gov
        
        one of best educated and cultured monarchs of 18 century
        
        abolished torture
      - Maria Theresa of Austria
        
        first woman to rule Habsburgh dynsaty
        
        taxed clergy and nobility
        
        exppanded/modernized the army
        
        Joseph II was her son
        
        Joseph II
        
        reforms to make education more accessible
        
        abolition of serfdom
        
        granted Jews religious toleration