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Urban trends and issues of urbanisation - Coggle Diagram
Urban trends and issues of urbanisation
The development of the urban environment
The first cities
Very first cities were around 5500 years ago and moved later to places like the Mediterranean and south east Asia
The urban industrial revolution
Second urban revolution, mass production in factories, began in Britain, late 18th century
Industrialization and urbanization work together, invention of steam engine was major
London was the first recorded city to reach 1 million people
Post 1945
Cities in LIC's and MIC's have grown much faster
The cycle of urbanisation
Suburbanisation, counterurbanisation and reurbanisation
Suburbanisation wasn't active in the UK until the 1960s, from then counterurbanisation has had an increased inpact on the landscape, reurbanisation of some larger cities beginning in 1990s is the most recent
The cycle starts with urbanisation, then suburbanisation, then counterurbanisation, then reurbanisation and back to urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Just before WW1 it was growing in middle class, after WW1 working class began building a lot of council estates
The rapid growth was because of government support, local council support, expansion of building societies, low interest rates, public transport increase and improved road network
Eg. Stoneleigh case study
Counterurbanisation
Urban deconcentration is very prevalent in population movement in a lot of cities in HIC's
Many office employments in the center of London have diffused widely over south England
Reurbanisation
In recent years British cities have mostly reversed population decline post war
The government has financed many millions into London's Docklands, Manchester's Hulme, this has helped regeneration
Updates to Manchester's city center has helped with attracting more people
The rejuvenation of inner London
Inner London has seen many regeneration projects, improve housing, services, employment and the environment
The city center now holds more young population than old, gentrification includes, physical improvement to housing stock, change in housing tenure renting to owning, increase in house prices and displacement or replacement of working class by new middle class
Competition for land
Measures of this are price of land and rents charged for floorspace
Planning measures like land use zoning and other restrictions can complicate it
Bid rent theory can explain how competition for land can result in functional zonation
Empty space is usually picked up but dereliction can linger in areas because of unattractive land for residential and business and may need substantial investment by government
Renewal and redevelopment
Urban redevelopment needs complete removal of existing buildings and infrastructure and constructing new buildings
Urban renewal keeps the best things of an existing urban area and changes them to new uses, eg. turning a bank into restaurant
After WW2 many areas followed urban renewal instead of redevelopment in areas of large damage
Urban regeneration is both redevelopment and renewal
UK urban development corporations formed in 1980s to deal with urban blight
The London Docklands development, one of the largest urban regeneration projects un Europe
The construction of Canary Wharf helped extend London's CBD towards the east
The 2012 Olympic Games in London brought in a lot of money and investment, cumulative causation
Total investment from Olympics was around £9 billion
Global (world) cities
A global city is considered to be of great importance to the global economic system
They are important in terms of politics, economics and culture and are not defined in terms of size, only importance
The first global cities were London, New York and Tokyo
More have appeared over years through the process of globalisation
London and New York are still the top two in the world
Causes of growth in global cities
Economic development
Cultural or social status
Political importance
Demographic trends