Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Accessibility Design - Coggle Diagram

- - - - binocular (望远镜)
        
        close gap between me and expectation
      - glasses
        
        close gap between me and normal people
  - - - VoiceOver: MacOS, iOS
      - JAWs for Windows
  - - - map eyeto 2D space
      - move eyes and clink to "click"
    - - severe motor impairment
      - puff = signal 1
      - sip = signal 0
    - - hard: don't know what computer can understand
  - - - autism
      - no speech capability
      - use device to speak
      - use device to construct a sentence
  - - - evaluate overall accessibility level of website
    - - display site's colors similar to a color-blinded view
    - - examine image and test compliance with accessibility standards
- - - - e.g. people in wheelchair
  - - - extent a product accessible by as many people as possible
    - - make system accessible to individuals with disabilities
- - - - do certain activties
        
        activity limitations
      - interact with around world
        
        participation restrictions
    - - age
        
        < 20% born with disability
        
        80% have disability once reach 85
      - recovery
  - - - difficulty seeing
      - hearing
      - walk
      - problem solve
    - - work
      - social and recreational activities
      - obtain health care
    - - in body / function, or mental function
        
        loss limb
        
        loss vision
        
        loss memory
      - Types
        
        Sensory
        
        impairment in 1 or more senses
        
        vision loss
        
        hearing loss
        
        Physical
        
        loss of function of body parts
        
        congenitally (先天)
        
        after stroke
        
        after spinal-cord injury
        
        Cognitive
        
        cognitive defecits
        
        learning impairment
        
        memory/cognition function loss due to aging
        
        cognitive function
        
        Alzheimer's disease
      - Common
        
        Visual: impairment in vision
        
        long-sightedness
        
        blindness
        
        color blindness
        
        Motor / Mobility: muscular / skeletal
        
        hands/arms
        
        affect user input
        
        mobility
        
        wheelchair
        
        bedridden
        
        Auditory (loss of hearing, factory, earbuds, deafness)
        
        Seizures: neurological
        
        photosensitive epilepsy
        
        sensitive to light, motion, flickering on screen
        
        trigger seizures
        
        Cognitive / Learning
        
        congenital
        
        developmental
        
        traumatic (traumatic brain injury)
      - Variability
        
        Severity
        
        cerebral palsy (麻痹)
        
        basic mobility
        
        completely depend on caretaker
        
        Structure
        
        vision impairment
        
        color blindness
        
        peripheral-only (外围) vision
        
        have to move head to see full screen
        
        no light perception
  - - - improve overtime
        
        recovery after illness or accidents
        
        broken arm
        
        cataract (白内障)
    - - introduced by context
        
        low light environment
        
        loud noise environment
        
        new parent
        
        distracted driver
        
        heavy accent
    - - congenital / long-term
        
        color blindness
        
        missing body parts
- - - - restriction / lack of ability to act normally
      - health
    - - complex: interaction between person body features and society features
      - some disability is ok for some context
      - Mismatch between abilities and environment
        
        Lack of ability + Context = Disability
        
        Between humans
        
        person can't type + person can't hear
        
        Human + environment
        
        sun glare, windy, snow
        
        hard to drive
        
        Human + object
        
        left-handed
        
        narrow door for wheelchair
        
        tall shelf for short person
  - - - design be usable by all people, greatest extent possible
      - no need for adaptation or specialized design
    - - design that benefits some people may benefit whole society
        
        arm
        
        26k: loss upper arm
        
        21M: temporary / situational
        
        closed captioning (字幕)
        
        people with hearing impairments
        
        read in noisy environment
        
        learning to read
        
        open door handle
        
        ramp in street
    - - Equitable use
        
        useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities
        
        idential whenever possible; equivalent when not
        
        avoid segregating or stigmatizing
        
        privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users
        
        have say password, not private!
        
        appealing to all users
      - Flexibility in use
        
        accommodates wide range of perferences and abilities
        
        provide choice in methods of use
        
        accommodate right and left-handed
        
        faciliatate accuracy and precision
        
        adaptability to user's pace
        
        e.g. KANBAN board -> card, board, notes, sheet, calendar, ...
      - Simple and intuitive use
        
        easy to use, regardless of experience, knowledge, language skill, concentration
        
        eliminates unnecessary complexity
        
        consistent with expectation and intuition
        
        accommodate various literacy and language skills
        
        no jargon
        
        arrange info consistent with importance
        
        effective prompts and feedbacks during and after task complete
      - Perceptible information
        
        communicate necessary info effectively, regardless of conditions, user sensory abilities
        
        different redundant modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile - vibration) for important info
        
        contrast info and surroundings
        
        maximize "legiblity" - big text
        
        differentiate elements in ways can be described
        
        easy to instruct and direct (refer)
        
        compability with various techniques / devices by people with sensory limitations
      - Tolerance for error
        
        minimize hazards of accidental / unintended actions
        
        arrange elements to minimize errors
        
        most used = most accessible
        
        hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, hidden
        
        delete bottom at bottom
        
        provide warning for errors
        
        provide fail safe features
        
        undo
        
        discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance
        
        lock phone automatically
        
        GitHub: type to delete
      - Low physical effort
        
        used efficiently and comfortably with min fatigue
        
        allow user maintain neutral body position
        
        reasonable operating forces
        
        minimize repetitive actions
        
        shortcuts
        
        minimize sustained physical efforts
        
        should not hold for long time
      - Size and space for approach and use
        
        regardless of body size, posture, mobility
        
        clear sight for seated / standing user
        
        all components comfortable to reach by seated / standing
        
        accommodate various hand and grip sizes
        
        average finger width: 17; touch target size 16-20
        
        adequate space for assistive devices or personal assistance