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ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 12pm Section, Group 4 -…
ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 12pm Section, Group 4
Shia
Started with Ali as the first Imam
Al- Hasan
Al Husayn
Ali b. al-Husayn
The Zaydiyya (The Fivers)
Named after Zayd b. Ali (The fifth Imam)
First Shia movement to achieve political independence
By establishing two dynasties at
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Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the Imamate because he led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate,
Their Theology puts an emphasis on justice and human responsibility, and its political implications
Second Largest Shia group
The Imamiyya/Twelvers
Largest branch of Shia Islam
Follow Ismail b. Jaafar's youngest son, Musa al Kazim
The term 'Twelver' refers to the belief in twelve imams
The last of the imams is the 'hidden' Muhammad al-Mahdi, who would eventually appear as the Mahdi/'messiah'
Until the Mahdi descends, the community is led by agents acting on behalf of the hidden imam
Ismailis
Ismail’s are a branch or sub-sect of Shia Islam
Ismailism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shi'ism
Ismailis believe in the oneness of God
They also believed the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity"
They get their name from their acceptance of Imam Ismaʻil ibn Jafar
appointed spiritual successor (imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq
The Ismāʿīlī and the Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams.
They differ from the Usuli Shi'ah, Akhbaris, Alevis, Bektashis, and Alawites, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, the younger brother of Ismaʻil, as the true Imām
Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence
Hanafi
Emerged in Iraq and reflects the opinions of Iraqi jurists
Expanded to the northern borders and was fast established in Iran and Central Asia
Maliki
Emerged in Medina
Mainly present in North Africa
Shafi'i
Evolved in Egypt
By the 10th century it was established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia
Today it is strong in Egypt, India, and Indonesia
Hanbali
First emerged in Iraq
It has a rigid, conservative nature
Presently, it is only followed in Saudi Arabia
Schools of Theology
Al Mu'tazila School
Introduced a new concept of the
“intermediate state”
were known for their excessive rationalism and the incorporation of Greek philosophical concepts into their discussion of Islamic dogma
Was established by Wasil and his fellows the students of the
scholar al-Hasan al-Basri (d.728) in the city of Basra
Ash'ariyya School
Named after its founder Abu al- Hasan al- Ash'ari
(d.936)
Assumed a more orthodox approach against the Al-Mu'tazila
Won the acceptance within Sunni Islam as the official creed
defeating the Mu'tazila
Sufism/
Tasawwuf
Principles and its concepts
Sufism is a combination of ISLAMIC Principle
Islamic Asceticism
Concepts
the purpose of asceticism is to attain spirituality
It develops one's self and purify it from all negative habits
In asceticism the aim is to minimize everything and should only be to the level where it is necessary, and if something is not necessary it should be eliminated
Islam has Asceticism, there are plenty of example and the most obvious one is Ramadan where people abstain themselves from eating
The Profit Mohammad PBH had an ascetic mood of life
Principles
Ascetism is self-denial and renunciation of committing sins
Focuses on abstaining from acts of carnal desires, worldly comforts and worldly pleasures
Abstinence and self-denial will lead to a nafs that is discipline and more spiritual
Islamic Mysticism
Mysticism deals with mysteries that are veiled
Something that we believe it exists but we do not have full knowledge about it
Mysticism is a principle that is also found in Islam
It is found in Surat Al Fatiha where God says "Rab al'alameen": alameen is the plural of the word world but what we know is that we are living in one world only. However, there are other worlds that do exist but we do not have access to them. An example of these hidden world is the Angelic realm, al Ruh realm, and the hereafter
Islamic Spirituality
Principles
Spirituality aims to develop the human self, to become sensitive, to become developed, to become tranquil with oneself and to become one that has achieved the notion of righteousness and realization of the divine that God exists.
Spirituality instills a sense of understanding in a human being to become aware that God knows even the tiniest intention that goes in our spirit and hence spirituality allows us to develop our spirits to be pure through spiritual purification and ultimately stop sinning
Concepts
Nafs/Ruha- Arabic term for spirit
The major theme of the word nafs as used in the Quran is to instill a sense of individual responsibility through a strong emphasis on the choices made by the individual, while at the same time reminding humanity of its common origins
Three stages of Nafs
Nafs al-Lawwama
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Nafs al-Mutma’inna
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Nafs al-Ammara
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Sufism as a concept and a discipline is based on the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet
The term Sufism is derived from the Arabic word Souf which means wool
They were given this term Sufis because they assumed ascetic mood of life, an extreme mood of poverty and they always wore a wool clothes until it became their identity
Stages of Sufism Growth
Development of mystical community in the 9th century
Development of proper orders in the 10th century
From asceticism to mysticism and the introduction of love by Rabi'a al-Adawiya in the 9th century
Appearance of early asceticism in late 7th century
These orders then turned into proper organization in 16th century onwards
They are also know by Faqir "poor", Darawish "Persian word for the word poor", and Wali, awliya' Allah which means friends of God
Muslim Brotherhood
A true political Islamic movement
Founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna
Influenced other Islamic movements
Initially aimed to spread Islamic morals but then became a fight against colonial control and Western influence on Egypt
By the late 1940s, its ideas had spread beyond Egypt
Formed a parliamentary wing in the 1940s and engaged in bombings and assassinations against the British colonialists
1948 - dissolved by the Egyptian governmentfor attacking British and Jewish interests
Accused of assassinating the prime minister, and in 1949 Hasan al-Banna was assassinated
There was a failed assassination attempt on President Nasser in 1954, and it was banned
It continued to grow underground, and rejoined the mainstream in the 1980s as the main opposition force in Egypt
The MB started growing in power again in the 2000s, so the government cracked down on them once again until the 2011 Revolution happened
MB candidate Mohammad Mursi was elected president, which was a historic victory for the MB. The presidency only lasted one year and he was overthrown by the military in 2013.
Wahhabism
Wahhabism is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
An Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship" (tawhid)
The term Wahhabi is often used polemically and adherents commonly reject its use, preferring to be called Salafi or muwahhid, claiming to emphasize the principle of tawhid
It follows the theology of Ibn Taymiyyah and the Hanbali school of jurisprudence
The majority of Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism, and many Muslims denounce them as a faction or a "vile sect"
Islamic scholars, including those from the Al-Azhar University, regularly denounce Wahhabism with terms such as "Satanic faith
Wahhabism has been accused of being "a source of global terrorism”