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Cross and Fhagen-Smith's Model of Black Identity Development - Coggle…
Cross and Fhagen-Smith's Model of Black Identity Development
Theory Application
Practitioners should be making an effort to educate themselves about different cultures.
White identity and the characteristics that surrond that identity should not be the standard. Change our thought process.
Expanding knowledge on racism and how negative experiences impact racial identity development.
Promotion of diversity and inclusion on campuses. Don't just recruit diverse student, but ensure that are programming is engaging for all of our students.
Facilitate dialogue on race with students in a way that promotes acceptance and understanding
Have a "zero-tolerance" policy for racial discrimination. This policy should be for administration, faculty, staff, and students
Revist and possible revise course curriculms to promote racial identity development.
Ensure that the faculty and staff population represents the diversity that you would like to see amongst the student population
Create initiatives and centers that have the sole goal of multicultural education
William Cross
Best known for the theory of Psychological Nigrescence.
Nigrescence- the process of becoming black
Nigrescence is one of his most know theories and is still being studied and adopted to get a better understanding of racial and social minority groups.
Believed that there were 5 stages of Nigrescence
Condensed these stages and presented ideas as 3 main concepts.
Personal Identity
Reference Group Orientation
Race Salience
An American Researcher and Theorist
Focused on the how minorities developed their identities
Played a role in social and civil rights movements in the 60's and 70s
Current work focuses on the incarceration of people of color and the experience of those who identify as black and identity as a part of the LGBTQIA+ community
Education
Earned a Bachelor of Arts from Denver University in 1963
Earned a PhD in Psychology with a focus on African American Studies from Princeton University
Peony Fhagen-Smith
Earned a PhD in Developmental Psychology from Pennsylvania State University
Currently a professor at Wheaton University and teaches:
Psychology
African Studies
African American Studies
Diaspora Studies
Her research includes identity development over a life span.
Dr. Fhagen Smith is a sociocultural developmental psychologist
The Cross and Fhagen-Smith Life Span Model- Looks at how experiences as a child effect racial views and development over a life lifetime.
Sector One: Infancy and Childhood in Early Black Identity Development
Most people experience their first social experiences.
Individuals have not develop and are unaware of race and racial identity.
Sector Two: Preadolescence
Development begins to take place
Three identity stages emerge: 1. Low Race Salience 2. High Race Salience 3. Internalized Racism
An individual's upbringing will start to influence their stage of racial identity development. Some individuals will grow up immersed in black history and culture others will have very little discussion or knowledge on black culture.
It is also possible that during this time period can hear and observe negative things about black people and culture and begin to internalize self-hate.
Views have not been solidified at this time.
Sector Three: Adolescence
This sector is influenced by Marcia's Identity Status
Individuals begin to accept their identity. Their identity will be based on their beliefs and lived experiences.
Development is not always predictable.
Sector Four: Early Adulthood
Individuals begin to explore their identity
Individuals in High Race Salience don't necessary have to explore as much other individuals rather they spend this sector individualizing their identity
Individuals in Low Race Salience are still figuring it out. Experiences still have the possibility to cause them to think critically about how they view race and their racial identity
Individuals in Internalized Racism may never experience Adult Nigrescence. They make be trying to over compensate and correct an issues they perceive with the black identity.
Sector Five: Adult Nigrescence
This stage is identical with Cross's Model from 1991
Nigrescence involves four stages: preencounter,
encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization/internalization commitment
Preencounter= Low Race Salience and Internalized Racism
Encounter= a life experience that makes an individual negatively question their view on racial identity
Immersion-Emersion=developmental processes are taking place
Immersion- individuals become so immersed in black culture that seem to fall in love with it.
Emersion- individuals begin to examine identity through different lenses
Internalization/Internalization= has 3 different perspectives
Black Nationalist- Being black is the most prevalent identity. This identity is displayed in cultural and political views.
Bicultural- the mixing of the origin of black identities with American identities
Multicultural- respect and appreciate many different identities and views the black identity as one of many.
Sector Six: Nigrescence Recycling
Reworked a theory presented by Parham in 1989
This sector is characterized by the black identity being questioned and putting individuals in a position to have to defend their identities. This will cause individuals to reflect over their development and eventually have a deeper understanding and respect for their identity.
During this sector individuals will develop patterns to help them cope with the experiences that they will face being black in America.
These patterns will assist black people in their interactions with people who do not identify as black. These patterns included: Buffering, Code-Switching, Bridging, Bonding/Attachment, Individualism