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Mitosis and Meiosis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Longest phase of mitosis (up to 20 minutes)
      - Chromosomes attach themselves to the ropey microtubules at their centromeres
        
        Chromosomes are moved around by molecules called motor proteins (two of these proteins on each side of the centromere → centromere-associated protein E)
        
        At the same time, a protein called dynein is pulling the other ends of the ropes near the cell membranes
        
        After being moved around, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (down)
    - - Motor proteins start pulling really hard on the ropes so the X-shaped chromosomes split into their individual chromosomes
        
        As they are detached from one another, they are dragged toward each end of the cell
    - - After all that, the cell enters the prophase as the "mess" of chromatin coils upon itself to produce thick strands of DNA wrapped around proteins
        
        These are called chromosomes
        
        The duplicates stay attached to the original in a shape that resembles an "X"
        
        These are called the chromatids and they are made up of a left and arm and a right leg and arm
        
        The meetup in the middle is called the centromere
        
        As the chromosomes form, the nuclear envelope disintegrates and the centrosomes go to the opposite ends of the cell and leave behind a trail of protein ropes called microtubules
        
        Microtubules help provide a structure to the cell
    - - Each of the new cell's structures is reconstructed
        
        Nuclear membrane reforms and nucleoli form within them + chromosomes go back into chromatin
      - Crease forms between the new cells and signals the final split
        
        The division between the cells is called cleavage
      - Cytokinesis
        
        Two new nuclei move apart and the cells separate
      - Daughter cells
        
        Clones/genetic copies of the original cell
- - - - Each double chromosome lines up next to its homolog (mother's version lined up next to father's)
      - One chromatid from each X gets tangled up with the other X in a process called crossover
    - - During crossover, the chromosomes trade sections of DNA
      - Genetic information being traded is equivalent (both hair color or both eye color - but never eye color WITH hair color, for example)
      - All four chromatids are now different
      - Each chromatid will end up in a different sex cell later on
    - - That's the 23rd pair and the sex chromosomes
      - Female: two X chromosomes (which can do the crossover and recombination since they are the same)
      - X and Y chromosomes are not homologous (don't match up!)
- - - - Instead, the DNA just clumps up again into chromosomes and the infrastructure for moving them, the microtubules are put back into place
    - - Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin and the crease-forming cleavage in the final separation of cytokinesis mark the end of Telophase II