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Effusion cytology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - low-protein transudates (<2.5 g protein/dL and
      - <3 × 109 nucleated cells/L), high-protein transudates (≥2.5 g protein/dL and <3 × 109 nucleated cells/L),
      - and exudates (≥2.5 g protein/dL and ≥3 × 109 nucleated cells/L).1 A hemorrhagic effusion is suggested if the fluid packed cell volume is ≥25% that of the peripheral blood or if >0.5 × 1012 RBCs/L are present.1,3 Neoplastic processes can be associated with any fluid type, empha- sizing the importance of microscopic evaluation.
- - - - body cavities are lined with these, which are present in variable amounts in most effusions
    - - reactive mesothelial cells occur with inflammation or fluid accumulation from other causes
        
        similar appearance to neoplastic epithelial cells
  - - - neutrophilic inflammation
        
        can be septic or non-septic
        
        non-degenerate neutrophils have distinct nuclear borders and tightly clumped chromatin
        
        are typical for neutrophils to appear degenerate with bacterial infection
    - - degenerate neutrophils often occur with bacterial infection and are characterised by swollen nuclei with less-condensed chromatin and vacuolated cytoplasm
      - here 2 neutrophils present with intracellular bacterial rods and cocci
      - A small lymphocyte (asterisk) and 2 large mononuclear cells (arrowheads) are present
    - - Most of the neutrophils in this image are severely degenerate and contain numerous large cocci.
  - - - plasma cells = indicator of chronicity
    - - mast cells can be part of the inflammatory response
      - (asterisk)