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Ch 9 ECOLOGY OF THE MASS MEDIA - Coggle Diagram

- - - - b) 1960s - public TV broadcasts became available: Sesame Street & Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood
        1-other networks began to have children's shows which were funded by advertising not network funds many of these shows were criticized for violent content & commercialism (ads aimed at children)
      - a) 1950s - usually on Sat mornings or late afternoon
        1-cartoons: The Wonderful World of Disney
        2-children's entertainment: The Howdy Doody Show
        3-action-adventure: The Lone Ranger
        4-popular music/dancing: American Bandstand
        a) social cognitive theory
        b) cultivation theory
        c) motivation theory
        d) displacement theory
        5-educational shows: Captain Kangaroo
      - c) 1970s - Action for Children's Television (ACT) petitioned the FCC for age-specific programming & advertising limits in children's TV
        1-Public TV hadn't change in substance since 1960s, but choices had increased
        2-diversity The Harlem Globetrotters (CBS); gender diversity Josie & the Pussycats
      - d) 1980s - cable & home video entered media scene
        1-serious competition between public networks & cable stations (Nickelodeon & The Disney Channel
        2-public networks lured audiences back by using toy tie-ins which was amplified by the cable networks by the end of the decade
      - e) 1990s - child consumerization expanded
        1-junior brands introduced of adult product & merchandise
        2-"tweens" were identified as a new market for programming and merchandise Nick at Night
        3-significant political activity for regulations on content & marketing
- - - - Role models - behavior, gender, & occupational
        
        Values - courage, honor, & perseverance
        
        Cope with problems - aggressive & negative traits & ways to cope with them
        
        Understand feelings - see situations through other's eyes
    - - Raikes et al. (2006) - book reading to children during the preschool years is reliably linked to language & cognitive development
    - - Zuckerman & Khandekar (2010) Reach Out & Read - most parents aren't reading to their children
        1) fewer than half (48%) of young children in the U.S. are read to daily
        2) Low-income family have an even lower rate (36%) of reading to children daily
        3) High-income families have 2/5 children are not read to daily
      - Jim Trelease (2006) The Read-Aloud Handbook - reading aloud improves children's listening comprehension, a skill that must occur before reading comprehension. Reading aloud enables them to become successful readers; encourages attachment, provides a model for imitation
- - - - Violence is Measured
        1) prevalence - extent to which violence occurs in the program
        2) rate - the frequency of violent episodes
        3) role - the number of characterizations of violence or victimization
      - Gerbner & colleagues (1978): violence is defined as the "overt expression of physical force against others or self, or compelling action against one's will & pain of being hurt or killed or actually hurting or killing"
  - - - Ads:
        a) appear in TV, movies, video games, on the internet, & on cell phones
        b) include toys, cereal, snacks, beverages, & fast-food
      - Commercials Teach 3 Things
        1) all problems are resolvable
        2) all problems are resolvable fast
        3) all problems are resolvable fast through the agency of some technology (drug, detergent, machinery)
    - - Stereotype - an oversimplified representation of members of a particular group
      - Children Now Study (2003) 40% of children under 19yrs are of color, few of the faces they see on TV represent their heritage; providing a misrepresentation of reality & that society values some groups more than others
    - - Zimmerman & Christakes (2005) viewing before age 3 negatively related to later academic achievement, but after 3 was positively related to subsequent achievement
      - Anderson et al. (2001) 500 children from preschool to adolescence
        a) found: the content of television shows has a significant impact on academic achievement i.e. preschoolers who watch educational programs correlated with higher grades in school, reading more books, placing more value on achievement, greater creativity,
        b) were less aggressive & had higher grades in high school English, math, & science except for girls who watched violence as preschoolers
        c) parents watching with child extends learning by drawing attention & asking questions has a positive academic influence
    - - DeLoache & Collogues (2010) - 98 families with children between 12-18 mo
        a) found: infants who watched a baby video claiming to increase vocabulary was not successful
        b) the best way to help babies develop language is by talking to them, in the ordinary way that parents talk to their children
    - - children read fewer books when TV is available b/c they prefer the activity (entertainment) that requires less effort rather than the activity (reading) that requires more effort
      - Nathanson & Rasmussen (2011) studied the amount & style of maternal communication with toddlers & preschoolers while the mother-child pairs watched TV, read books, & played with toys. They found that their communication was less frequent and less verbally responsive when they watched TV compared to when they read books or played with toys. Thus activities in which the mother & child exchanged communication was related to the child's emergent literacy
  - - - Kaiser Family Foundation (2005) - since 1998 the # of sexual scenes have nearly doubled
      - a) sex appeal and sexual activity are glamorized on television
        b) a significant portion of adolescents' information about sexuality comes from prime time television
        c) family discussions of televised sexuality can help offset what teens see on television
  - - - Parents Can Mediate TV Viewing by...(AACAP, 2011)
        1) controlling the number of hours of television exposure
        2) checking ratings & evaluating what kinds of programs may be viewed
        3) viewing TV with their children & discussing the programs
        4) arranging family activities other than TV viewing
- - - - MTV (Music Television) (1983) - 24hr rock music, cable TV channel that promotes new songs by accompanying them with visual dramatization.
      - Concerns about the marriage of music to TV
        a) many adolescents in the U.S. view MTV, or other music video channels, at least once a week; mental images once formed by rhythm, beat, & perceived lyrics are now created by special effects on video
        b) commercialization - music videos show images that sell a product (clothing, jewelry, hairstyles, & body art)