Reproduction

Asexual reproduction- involves only one organism

Sexual reproduction - unique offspring, meiosis and fertilization

Meiosis - produces gametes

Mitosis - creating clones of the original cell

Gametes

Single celled organism - organism with only one cell

Bacteria - they reproduce by mitosis

Multicellular organism - organism with more than 1 cell

Fertilization- fusion of gametes

External Fertilization - outside organism

Internal Fertilization - inside organism

Humans

Chicken

Body Cells

Gametogenesis - process of creation of sex cells

Ovum

Sperm

Flower

Coral

Cellular differentiation - different proteins, based on function

Process

Interphase - DNA is replicated, 92 chromosomes

Meiosis I, II

Prophase I- chromosome condense,

Metaphase I - chromosome line up in center

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite pole

Telophase I - 2 cells form, each with 46 chromosome(split)

Crossing over occurs

Cytokinesis(Meiosis II)

Spermatogenesis - creation of sperm

Oogenesis - creation, maturing egg

Strawberries

Runners

Garlic

Reproductive system

Male

Female

Ovary - where the egg matures and is then released to fallopian tubes

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Cervix (if fertilization doesn't occur) - egg passes through here

Vagina

Uterine lining

Testis - sperm develped

Epididymis - sperm matures

Vas deferens

Prostate gland - fluids added to the sperm

Penis

Fertilization

Zygote

Embryo

Fetus

diploid - 46 chromosomes

Urethra

Modification/Mutation

Causes of Mutation

Mutagens

Ionizing radiation

Chemicals like nictoine

Viruses

Error when copying

Point Mutation - a small mutation which can affect only a small part of a gene

Has no effect when it does not occur at a gene or when there are other bases encoding for the same products (silent mutation)

Chromosomal mutation - a bigger mutation that affects entire chromosomes and can result in significant changes in the phenotype of an organism

Types of point mutations: deletion (abc → ac), substitution (abc → bbc), inversion (abc → acb), and insertion (abc → adbc). Both deletion and insertion change the structure of the rest of the codon frame (abc cba ccb acb … → abc bac cba …), which is why they are called frameshift mutations

Types of chromosomal mutations: deletion (missing part of/entire chromosome), polysomy (more than 2 copies of a chromosome), polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes)

An example of polysomy is Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome in the 21st pair), commonly known as Down Syndrome

Germline mutation - mutation occuring in a sex cell

caused by the environment

beneficial (adaptation)

predictable

not passed onto offspring

Example: more melanin is produced by the human body in response to exposure to sunlight

random stuff dna i taka natatak

Gene expression (aka protein synthesis) - when the cell performs a function which is encoded for in the DNA, such as protein synthesis

Translation - second step of protein synthesis, when information from the mRNA is interpreted by a ribosome to produce an amino acid chain/polypeptide for a specific protein

Transcription - first step of protein synthesis, when information from DNA is copied to (messenger) RNA

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information

mRNA - messenger RNA, carries information necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the production site, the ribosome

Protein/polypeptide chain - building blocks of cells and tissues

Genome - all of an organism’s genetic material (includes both genes and parts of DNA which have no function)

Genotype - all of an organism’s genes

Phenotype - the observable traits that people have as a result of their genotype

Gene - the basic unit of heredity, encodes for a protein

Allele - one of the forms of a gene

Heredity - inheritance of genes from your parents.

Variability - the difference in genotype throughout a species

Punnet squares and others

Codominance

incomplete dominance

AB blood type

Roan cows

Chequered chickens

Pink Snapdragon

Labradoodle hair

Tulips(bulbs)

Ginger, potato(tubers)

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Embryo to fetus

Differentiation

Anemia

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Placenta

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Saccular, blood-filled organ that develops during pregnancy

Supports the development of the fetus

Protects the fetus (physically and pathogenetically)

Replacement for the baby’s organs

Supports:

Gas exchange

Nutrient exchange

Waste expulsion

Hormone exchange

Microbial filtration

Antibody exchange

A condition in which there are not enough red blood cells for a healthy and balanced oxygen supply for body tissues

Deficiency of iron

bad for child, mother

Babies can’t breathe in the womb → get oxygen through the placenta

Embryo - phase begins just after fertilization

Implantation - the blastocyst (bundle of cells) implants into the uterine lining

Fetus - begins around the second month, all major body organs are present

stem cells

No spec function

Replace damaged cells

Totipotent SCs - early stages of fertilization, can develop into both embryonic/extraembryonic tissues

Pluripotent - can develop into every adult body cell but not extraembryonic tissue

Multipotent - can develop into any cell of a particular tissue type

Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells

Erythropoiesis - formation of red blood cells

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Poor coordination

Hyperactive behavior

Difficulty with attention

Poor memory

Difficulty in school (especially with math)

Learning disabilities

Speech and language delays

Intellectual disability or low IQ (average of 55)

Poor reasoning and judgment skills

Vision or hearing problems

Small head size

Abnormal facial features (smooth ridge)

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mRNA - messenger RNA, carries information necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the production site, the ribosome

Transcription - first step of protein synthesis, when information from DNA is copied to (messenger) RNA

Gene expression (aka protein synthesis) - when the cell performs a function which is encoded for in the DNA, such as protein synthesis

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information

Protein/polypeptide chain - building blocks of cells and tissues

Genome - all of an organism’s genetic material (includes both genes and parts of DNA which have no function)

Genotype - all of an organism’s genes

Phenotype - the observable traits that people have as a result of their genotype

Allele - one of the forms of a gene