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Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Reproduction
Modification/Mutation
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Has no effect when it does not occur at a gene or when there are other bases encoding for the same products (silent mutation)
Chromosomal mutation - a bigger mutation that affects entire chromosomes and can result in significant changes in the phenotype of an organism
Types of point mutations: deletion (abc → ac), substitution (abc → bbc), inversion (abc → acb), and insertion (abc → adbc). Both deletion and insertion change the structure of the rest of the codon frame (abc cba ccb acb … → abc bac cba …), which is why they are called frameshift mutations
Types of chromosomal mutations: deletion (missing part of/entire chromosome), polysomy (more than 2 copies of a chromosome), polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes)
An example of polysomy is Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome in the 21st pair), commonly known as Down Syndrome
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mRNA - messenger RNA, carries information necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the production site, the ribosome
Transcription - first step of protein synthesis, when information from DNA is copied to (messenger) RNA
Gene expression (aka protein synthesis) - when the cell performs a function which is encoded for in the DNA, such as protein synthesis
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information
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Genome - all of an organism’s genetic material (includes both genes and parts of DNA which have no function)
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Embryo to fetus
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Fetus - begins around the second month, all major body organs are present
Anemia
A condition in which there are not enough red blood cells for a healthy and balanced oxygen supply for body tissues
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Differentiation
stem cells
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Totipotent SCs - early stages of fertilization, can develop into both embryonic/extraembryonic tissues
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Placenta
Saccular, blood-filled organ that develops during pregnancy
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Sexual reproduction - unique offspring, meiosis and fertilization
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