Reproduction
Asexual reproduction- involves only one organism
Sexual reproduction - unique offspring, meiosis and fertilization
Meiosis - produces gametes
Mitosis - creating clones of the original cell
Gametes
Single celled organism - organism with only one cell
Bacteria - they reproduce by mitosis
Multicellular organism - organism with more than 1 cell
Fertilization- fusion of gametes
External Fertilization - outside organism
Internal Fertilization - inside organism
Humans
Chicken
Body Cells
Gametogenesis - process of creation of sex cells
Ovum
Sperm
Flower
Coral
Cellular differentiation - different proteins, based on function
Process
Interphase - DNA is replicated, 92 chromosomes
Meiosis I, II
Prophase I- chromosome condense,
Metaphase I - chromosome line up in center
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes move to opposite pole
Telophase I - 2 cells form, each with 46 chromosome(split)
Crossing over occurs
Cytokinesis(Meiosis II)
Spermatogenesis - creation of sperm
Oogenesis - creation, maturing egg
Strawberries
Runners
Garlic
Reproductive system
Male
Female
Ovary - where the egg matures and is then released to fallopian tubes
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix (if fertilization doesn't occur) - egg passes through here
Vagina
Uterine lining
Testis - sperm develped
Epididymis - sperm matures
Vas deferens
Prostate gland - fluids added to the sperm
Penis
Fertilization
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
diploid - 46 chromosomes
Urethra
Modification/Mutation
Causes of Mutation
Mutagens
Ionizing radiation
Chemicals like nictoine
Viruses
Error when copying
Point Mutation - a small mutation which can affect only a small part of a gene
Has no effect when it does not occur at a gene or when there are other bases encoding for the same products (silent mutation)
Chromosomal mutation - a bigger mutation that affects entire chromosomes and can result in significant changes in the phenotype of an organism
Types of point mutations: deletion (abc → ac), substitution (abc → bbc), inversion (abc → acb), and insertion (abc → adbc). Both deletion and insertion change the structure of the rest of the codon frame (abc cba ccb acb … → abc bac cba …), which is why they are called frameshift mutations
Types of chromosomal mutations: deletion (missing part of/entire chromosome), polysomy (more than 2 copies of a chromosome), polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes)
An example of polysomy is Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome in the 21st pair), commonly known as Down Syndrome
Germline mutation - mutation occuring in a sex cell
caused by the environment
beneficial (adaptation)
predictable
not passed onto offspring
Example: more melanin is produced by the human body in response to exposure to sunlight
random stuff dna i taka natatak
Gene expression (aka protein synthesis) - when the cell performs a function which is encoded for in the DNA, such as protein synthesis
Translation - second step of protein synthesis, when information from the mRNA is interpreted by a ribosome to produce an amino acid chain/polypeptide for a specific protein
Transcription - first step of protein synthesis, when information from DNA is copied to (messenger) RNA
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information
mRNA - messenger RNA, carries information necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the production site, the ribosome
Protein/polypeptide chain - building blocks of cells and tissues
Genome - all of an organism’s genetic material (includes both genes and parts of DNA which have no function)
Genotype - all of an organism’s genes
Phenotype - the observable traits that people have as a result of their genotype
Gene - the basic unit of heredity, encodes for a protein
Allele - one of the forms of a gene
Heredity - inheritance of genes from your parents.
Variability - the difference in genotype throughout a species
Punnet squares and others
Codominance
incomplete dominance
AB blood type
Roan cows
Chequered chickens
Pink Snapdragon
Labradoodle hair
Tulips(bulbs)
Ginger, potato(tubers)
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Embryo to fetus
Differentiation
Anemia
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Placenta
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Saccular, blood-filled organ that develops during pregnancy
Supports the development of the fetus
Protects the fetus (physically and pathogenetically)
Replacement for the baby’s organs
Supports:
Gas exchange
Nutrient exchange
Waste expulsion
Hormone exchange
Microbial filtration
Antibody exchange
A condition in which there are not enough red blood cells for a healthy and balanced oxygen supply for body tissues
Deficiency of iron
bad for child, mother
Babies can’t breathe in the womb → get oxygen through the placenta
Embryo - phase begins just after fertilization
Implantation - the blastocyst (bundle of cells) implants into the uterine lining
Fetus - begins around the second month, all major body organs are present
stem cells
No spec function
Replace damaged cells
Totipotent SCs - early stages of fertilization, can develop into both embryonic/extraembryonic tissues
Pluripotent - can develop into every adult body cell but not extraembryonic tissue
Multipotent - can develop into any cell of a particular tissue type
Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells
Erythropoiesis - formation of red blood cells
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Poor coordination
Hyperactive behavior
Difficulty with attention
Poor memory
Difficulty in school (especially with math)
Learning disabilities
Speech and language delays
Intellectual disability or low IQ (average of 55)
Poor reasoning and judgment skills
Vision or hearing problems
Small head size
Abnormal facial features (smooth ridge)
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mRNA - messenger RNA, carries information necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the production site, the ribosome
Transcription - first step of protein synthesis, when information from DNA is copied to (messenger) RNA
Gene expression (aka protein synthesis) - when the cell performs a function which is encoded for in the DNA, such as protein synthesis
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information
Protein/polypeptide chain - building blocks of cells and tissues
Genome - all of an organism’s genetic material (includes both genes and parts of DNA which have no function)
Genotype - all of an organism’s genes
Phenotype - the observable traits that people have as a result of their genotype
Allele - one of the forms of a gene