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Mechanisms of Neural development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ectoderm infolds then breaks away from neural tube
      - at this point the neural tube is a group of long thin cells that have a pial surface (forms the outside of the brain) and luminal surface (forms the surface of the ventricles)
      - Eventually this group of cells (neuroepithelial cells) proliferate and grow closing the neural tube
  - - - • Nomenclature: The neural epithelial cells are also known as radial glial cells
        • Location: span the neural tube from pial cells at the top to the luminal cells at the bottom
        • Purpose: they divide and proliferate in order to expand the neural tube
        
        • MOA when neural tube is open:
        1.they drop from the pial surface all the way to the luminal surface where they divide at the bottom perpendicular to the luminal surface.
        2.Both the daughter cells then rise and reconnect with the pial cell surface, as they do so they expand the neural tube
        
        Once neural tube is closed MOA:
        
        daughter cells are still produced from neuroepithelial cells
        
        except that when they drop to drop from the pial surface all the way to the luminal surface where they divide at the bottom parallel to the luminal surface
        
        The significance of this is that if the cell divides perpendicular to the luminal surface both daughter cells will receive a mix of this substance called morphogens that tell them to remain neuroepithelial cells
        
        BUT if the cell divides in the parallel plane. The top cell contains a particular mix of morphogens which tell it to attach to another neuroepithelial cell instead of the pial surface
        
        This forms a neuroblast
        
        Rule:
        
        as soon as neural tube is closed neuroblasts begin to be born
    - - Rule: Certain mutations can cause neuroepithelial cells to:
        
        Divide too much leading to an excessively large brain size (macrocephaly)
        
        Divide too little leading to an excessively small brain size (microcephaly)
- - - - Examples of synaptic plasticity in babies
        if a baby loses half their brain the other half can overtime control both sides of the body via LTP)
        -Normally, inputs from both eyes have an equal share of the visual cortex. if one eye is compromised in early life (e.g. congenital cataracts), then synapses coming from that eye will not be part of an effective circuit and will make very few connections. The good eye will take over the bad eye’s visual cortex territory.