:red_flag: ashley v CC sussex police (2008)
" a claimant has no cause of action in negligence unless he has suffered injury or damage. By contrast, battery or trespass to the person is actionable without proof that the victim has suffered anything other than the infringement of his right to bodily integrity: the law vindicates that right by awarding nominal damages." (Lord Rodger)
NB: you can only recover your loss once, despite being able to bring multiple claims to court
in this case, they left some questions open, such as the question of legitimate reliance in terms of self-defence
:warning: however, on the topic of self defence, the HoL said that, as a provisional matter, D can use self defence on a mistaken belief about the physical threat they face, so long as it is reasonable