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Sexual reproduction terms, Sexual reproduction II, Sexual reproduction III…
Sexual reproduction terms
Mitosis
A process that results in a clone/identical cell
Body cells do this
Body cell
Can differentiate based on the proteins it makes
mitosis
Internal fertilization
The gametes meet inside an organism, same like fertilization
Chicken
Does sexual reproduction
Does internal fertilization
External fertilization
Where the sperm and egg meet outside of an organism
Sexual reproduction
Produce a unique offspring
Single-celled organism
Does mitosis
An organism made of only 1 cell
Coral
Live in the ocean
Does external fertilization
Fertilization
The gametes meet inside an organism, if it does not happen egg leaves the body or dissolves in the uterus
Gamete
The product of meiosis; each is unique
a sex cell, either a sperm or an egg
Gametogenesis
Literally means “the creation of sex cells”
Bacteria
Does asexual reproduction
Does mitosis
Single-celled organism
Meiosis
Crossing over occurs in this process
Human
Does internal fertilization
Does external fertilization
Does sexual reproduction
Does mitosis
Sperm
A cell that is able to move itself
The product of meiosis; each is unique
Ovum/Egg
Often has a thick layer on the outside to make it challenging for a sperm to enter
The product of meiosis; each is unique
Cell differentiation
The concept that different proteins made in a cell give it a different role in the organism
Body cells do this
Multicellular organism
An organism made of more than 1 cell
Asexual reproduction
Does not involve another organism to do
A process that results in a clone/identical cell
reproduction that requires only one parent, occurs through mitosis, results in a copy of the parent cell
Monohybrid crossing is for one gene only while dihybrid crossing is for two genes (during reproduction)
Sexual reproduction II
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Prokaryotic
DNA is spread out, no nucleus, bacteria, etc.
Does only binary fission
Homologous chromosomes
sets of one paternal chromosome, lines up with the other ones
Interphase
1st stage, all of the DNA is replicated, 46 chromosomes on the line
Prophase
Chromosomes condense & crossing over occurs
Telophase
Two cells are formed, each is unique with 23 chromosomes
Anaphase
Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell
Spermatogenesis
A process in which sperm cells are produced, each sperm carries 23 chromosomes
Ovogenesis
A process where the egg cells are produced and ready to be fertilized
Cytokinesis
Physical process of cell division, two daughter cells are formed
Part of mitosis
Eukaryotic
DNA is bound to a protein, Has nucleus, does mitosis and miosis
Crossing over
Swapping of genetic materials, occurs in metaphase
Runner
produced form strawberry plant, does asexual reproduction, formed from mitosis
Potato
root vegetable, also does asexual reproduction
Flower
Does both mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis phases (and how they are different from mitosis phases)
Interphase - not real stage, duplication of chromosomes
Prophase - crossing over
Prometaphase* - nucleus dissolves, microtubules attach to chromosomes
Metaphase - chromosome line up in the middle
Anaphase - chromosomes are pulled apart
Telophase - cell begins to split
Cytokinesis - cell fully splits, two new cells form
All cells excluding Interphase repeat and four unique sex cells with 23 chromosomes each are formed
Mitosis vs Meiosis
mitosis is the process of making new body cells, while meiosis is the process of creation of gametes - sex cells that have only 23 chromosomes.
Meiosis - the process of creating 4 unique sex cells
Mitosis - the process of creating new identical body cells. Mitosis is also vital for bacteria - it is the device of all asexual reproducion
They both involve cell division
Marfan Syndrome - longer limbs
Turner Syndrome - 45, X - having only the one X chromosome, leads to physical/growth problems and may result in infertility
Sickle Cell Anemia - a condition in which there are not enough healthy red blood cells to supply enough oxygen to the body. Interestingly, having one sickle cell allele provides some level of protection against malaria
Down’s Syndrome - Trisomy 21, has negative physiological and psychological implications
Klinefelter Syndrome - 47, XXY - occurs only in males, results in infertility
Polydactylism - literally meaning “many fingers” in Greek - a genetic condition in which a person is born with more fingers than usual (5 at the end of each limb)
Autosomes
all chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Modification
caused by the environment
beneficial (adaptation)
predictable
not passed onto offspring
Example: more melanin is produced by the human body in response to exposure to sunlight
Mutation
Mutations can have both negative and positive effects on the person
Unpredictable
Point Mutation - a small mutation which can affect only a small part of a gene
Sexual reproduction III
Fallopian tube
The place in which the egg travels through, fertilization occurs there,
Uterine lining
innermost layer of the uterus, prevents adhesions between the post walls.
Testis
Male reproductive gland, not available in women, it is where the sperm develops
Embryo
the early stage of development of an unborn offspring; it is in the process of development, stage from the beginning of mitosis to around 9 weeks
Vagina
External organ, the baby comes through it after it has developed
Cervix
Lower part of the uterus, usually 2 to 3 cm. long
Ovary
Produces an ovum, it is where the egg matures
Uterus
Muscular organ located between the bladder and the rectum
Penis
External male organ, serves as a urinal duct, last place in which the sperm stays in the male body
Vas deferens
Tiny muscular tube, brings the sperm up to pass the seminal vesicle and prostate gland.
Prostate gland
Located between the bladder and the penis, fluid is added to the sperm
Urethra
Thin muscular tube, it is where the fluid leaves the body
Fetus
an unborn offspring, develops from an embryo, after 9 weeks
Zygote
a union of the sperm cell and egg cell, begins as a single cell but divides rapidly, it is a diploid cell, fertilized egg
Diploid
A cell that has paired chromosomes (23 pairs - total of 46)
Journey of the sperm/spermatocyte (male reproductive organs and path that sperm/semen takes)
Testes - testosterone is also produced here; it promotes growth and sexual development
Epididymis - sperm mature
Vas deferens - tube sperm travel along
Prostate/seminal vesicle - fluid is added to sperm. It can now be called semen
Urethra - sperm exits penis
Journey of the ovum/egg/oocyte (ova is plural) - female reproductive organs
Ovaries - eggs mature here
Fallopian tube - fertilization occurs here, mitosis also begins here thereafter
Uterus - zygote implants into the uterine lining
Journey of the egg if fertilization doesn’t happen
Ovum
Fallopian tube - fertilization does not occur
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina - ovum leaves body along with the uterine lining which has proven to be unnecessary
Haploid
cells that in humans have only 23 chromosomes inside of them. Haploid cells are the sperm and the egg (gametes).
Implantation
the process in which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus in order to exchange wastes and nutrition with the mother.
Embryo to fetus
Babies can’t breathe in the womb → get oxygen through the placenta
Embryo - phase begins just after fertilization
Implantation - the blastocyst (bundle of cells) implants into the uterine lining
Fetus - begins around the second month, all major body organs are present
Placenta
saccular, blood-filled organ, develops during pregnancy
Gas exchange, nutrient exchange, waste exchange, hormone exchange, hormone exchange, antibody exchange, microbial filtration
FAS
Condition caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy
Physiological/psychological defects
Differentiation
Stem cells
Have no specific function, can specialize to obtain on
Replace damaged cells/provide new ones
Totipotent SCs - early stages of fertilization, can develop into both embryonic/extraembryonic tissues
Pluripotent - can develop into every adult body cell but not extraembryonic tissue
Multipotent - can develop into any cell of a particular tissue type
Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells
Erythropoiesis - formation of red blood cells
Anemia
A condition in which there are not enough red blood cells for a healthy and balanced oxygen supply for body tissues
Caused by deficiency of iron
Harmful for both mother and child
Types of point mutations: deletion (abc → ac), substitution (abc → bbc), inversion (abc → acb), and insertion (abc → adbc). Both deletion and insertion change the structure of the rest of the codon frame (abc cba ccb acb … → abc bac cba …), which is why they are called frameshift mutations