Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 5: Tourism Planning & Policies Process - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5
:
Tourism Planning & Policies Process
5.1 Understanding policy-making
The process of making policy is a complex, multilayered and involve many institutions and actors.
Reasons
a. Help to refine & improve content of policy.
b. Improve policy making practice.
Understanding policy-making
Policy formulation takes place within a system
policy development takes place both inside and outside government frameworks
Policy processes
a. Policy-making as a cycle.
b. Policy-making as decisions
c. Policy-making as issue identification & management.
d. Policy-making as a sociopolitical construction.
Policy cycle
Identification of issues
Analysis of issues
Identification of policy solution & instruments
Consultation
Selection of preferred alternative
Implementation
Evaluation of policy solution
5.5 The Principles of Good Tourism Policy
Principles of creating good planning and policy process
Be strategic
Planning & policy process must be based on strategic vision that combines understandings of past, current & future circumstances.
Be flexible, adaptive & responsive
must provide direction within a framework that is flexible & adaptive.
Promote active citizenry
should foster engagement with communities of interested stakeholders.
Comprise of stages
should organize around a number of notion stages to facilitate administration & management.
Be accountable
should be transparent & accountable, incorporating opportunities for public scrutiny as well as contributions.
Be equitable
should promote equity of interest & embrace diversity of opinions & perspectives.
Be informed
based on an informed appreciation of factors, events & information
5.2 Policy-making as Decision-making
Policy formulation is also viewed as a process in which issues are identified, decision are made and events unfold as a result of those decisions.
Conceptual policy formulation
a. The rational comprehensive approach
b. Instrumentalism approach
c. Public choice approach
Rational comprehensive
rational and logical process based on the setting of goals
Incrementalism
an approach to public policy formulation that adopts a messy and complicated view of the world-historical events & external factors.
Public choice
another framework for understanding policy development
5.3 Policy as Issues Identification & Management
Policy formulation is also conceptualized as a process of issue identification and management.
Issue attention cycle
Pre-problem stage-forming. Public interest is limited & patchy.
Alarmed discovery-importance of severity of issue is recognized.
Realizing the costs of significant progress- examined, solutions are discussed & action taken or not taken.
Gradual decline in public interest- importance of issue begins to wane in public sphere.
Post-problem stage- issue subsides and public focuses on other issues.
Issues and Agendas
Zone of symbolic action- where issues are considered to be sufficiently important to warrant attention & some action
Zone of substantive action- where the issues are recognized and given priority on government's agenda and substantive action
5.4 Policy-making as sociopolitical construction
as dynamic process resulting from interactions & contested dialogues from several actors.
Policy subsystems & advocacy coalitions
i. Sub government
defined as small groups of people intimately connected with the core processes of policy formulation & implementation.
ii. Attentive public
Members include formal & informal groups, government agencies, peak agencies & producer groups & interested individuals who evaluate policies & identify their inadequacies.
Policy communities & networks
Network are sets of formal & informal relationships between actors & agencies that operate to influence policy debates & decision-making.