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Year 11 Term 4 Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Airborne
        
        Chicken pox
        
        measles
        
        whooping cough
      - Vector
        
        Mosquitoes, flies,lice,ticks and mites
        
        Yellow fever is by moquitoes
      - Vehicle
        
        Typhoid fever
        
        Tetanus
      - Contact
      - Bodily Fluids
- - - - cyst growth
        
        damage kidney tissue
        
        kidney failure
- - - - the epidermis consists of dead cells which contain the protein keratin which provides a hard/ protective barrier
      - lipid moles are secreted from the glands which provide a waterproofing layer which prevents access or growth of pathogens
    - - cell fragments called platelets initiate a clotting process to form a scab and heal the wound
    - - it expels the pathogens
    - - blinking
        
        eliminates substances from the eye
      - the cornea
        
        several layer which creates a physical barrier
      - tears
        
        flushes particules out of the eye
        
        the cells in the eye secrete a range of chemicals including enzymes that posses antimicrobial properties
        
        e.g lysozymes destroy cell walls in bacteria killing them
    - - secrete a range of chemical that are antimicrobial
    - - the mucus traps the pathogens and may also contain antimicrobial secretions
      - small hair like projections that like the respiratory surface
        
        beats in one direction which sweeps the mucous that contain pathogens and other particles out of the lung
    - - low ph which is a hostile environment
      - microflora is good bacteria that outcompete and destroy the pathogens
  - - - recognise, engulf and digest
        
        this done by macrophages and neutrophils
      - in phagocytosis, phagocytes membrane invaginates and surrounds the pathogen to form a vesicle
    - - provide protection against cells infected with virus particles or changed by cancer
      - regonsie protein markers as non self on cells that need to be destroyed
        
        release cytokines which are cell signalling molecules
        
        attack in numbers and punch holes though the cells that need destroying
    - - 30 proteins
      - secreted by macrophages, monocytes(WBCs that can differentiate into macrophages
      - the effects of the complement system
        
        puncturing holes in the cell membrane(lysis)
        
        coat pathogens surface and increase the chance of the pathogen being taken up and destroyed by phagocystes
        
        bind to what is called mast cells stimulating them to relase a chemical called histamine
    - - secreted by some cells when they are infected by virus
      - make other cells more resistant
    - - swelling, redness, pain and heat
      - often WBCs(macrophages and neutrophils) bind to antigen on the pathogen at the site of the wound and the cells then respond by secreting cytokines
      - histamine released by mast cells
        
        this cause small blood vessels to widen at the site of the infection which brings extra blood supply to the region. the blood contains, white blood to engulf the pathogen
        
        increase the permeability of the blood vessels, facilitating easier access of chemical and WBCs from the blood to the wound site
        
        platelets are released and seal the wound leading to the formation of a scab
        
        pus consists of dead pathogens, dead WBCs and other cellular debris
  - - - pathogens that enter the body are detected and partially digest by phatgoctyes such as macrophages and granulocytes
        
        the phagocytes display the antogen on the their MHC class 2 markers .
        
        this attracts helper t cells
        
        helper t cells are activated when they bind to antigen on the phagocyte using complementary receptors
        
        when helper t cells are activated, more helper t cells are made through mitotic cell division
        
        the helper t cells differentiate into t memory cells and cytotoxic t cells
        
        1 more item...
    - - Antibodies
        
        found on the surface of b cells
        
        y shaped protein unique to each b cell
        
        bind in complementary ways to antigen and then activate helper t cells
        
        which triggers the b cells to produce plasma cells that produce more antibodies of the same shape
      - helper t cells
        
        B cells
        
        plasma cells
        
        memory cells
    - - Artifical
        
        antibody injected into the body
      - Natural
        
        antibodies pass from mother to foetus via placenta or breast milk feeding
        
        its short lived
        
        no memory cells or antibodies
    - - Artificial
        
        antigen introduces via vaccines
        
        an immune response is generated and its life long(oral polio vaccine) or temporary (tetanus).
      - natural
        
        pathogen and antigen enter the body naturally which generates an immune response
        
        antibodies are made and this is life long
        
        the t and b memory cells produced are stored in the spleen and lymph nodes
    - - Pathogen
        
        Any organism or agent that causes infectious disease
      - the exterior surface of pathogen contains distinctive proteins called 'antigen'
    - - a group of genes that code for proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognise foreign substances
      - MHC Class 1
        
        found on every nucleated cell
        
        when a cell becomes invaded by a virus or cancerous , unfamiliar proteins are synthesised in the cell.
        
        portions of these proteins (peptides antigen) binds with MHC-1 and then displayed on the cell surface
        
        indicates an infected cell
        
        Cytotoxic T cells read the MHC-1 marker and kill the infected cell
      - MHC Class 2
        
        Proteins present on specialised antigen presenting cells like macrophages and B cells
        
        Macrophages and some B cells recognise antigens on pathogens
        
        macrophages phagocytosis the pathogen
        
        then display antigen on the MHC Class 2
        
        this causes helper t cells to produce antibody
        
        which attract immune cells to the area of infection
    - - when tc cells bind to an antigen present in the class 1 MHC of an infected cells
        
        they produce perforin to kill the infected cell by making holes in the cell membrane which makes the cell lyse/burst
- - - - water, salt,glucose,amino acid and urea
  - - - causes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to be released
    - - increase permeability of collecting duct
        
        More water reabsorbed
        
        less water excreted in urine
      - Trigger thirst
- - - - high number of bacteria. a few of them are resistant to antibiotics
      - the resistant bacteria now have preferred conditions to grow and take over
      - bacteria can even transfer their drug resistance to other bacteria