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Shakespeare
SONNETS
Quarto
- pubblished in 1609
- 154 sonnets in endecasillables
- shakespirian schema but often with the turning point
- not in chronological order
- no title
- two sections
- fair youth
- his patron
- I - XVIII: theme of increase
- XIX - CXXVI: power of time and moral weakness
- dark lady
- physically unattractive but irresistibly desirable
Themes
- reversal of traditional themes of love sonnets
- worth and beauty addressed to a young man
- negative and non-conventional for woman
- universal themes
- time, death, love, beauty, art
- emotion and behaviour
Style
- rich and vivid descriptive language
- absence of classical references
- drammatic quality and conversational style
Sonnet XVIII
- the last of the fair youth section
- awareness of the transience of beauty
Summary
the friend is better then a sumer day because he is more lovely more temperate and more over this poem will make him immortal
- rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
- turning point in line 9
- language: rich of rethorical figure
Sonnet CXXX
- dark lady section
- Summary
the poet talks about his lover using a series of negative comparisons showing that she is not so beautifull but he loves her.
- rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
- turning point in line 11
- language: simple and direct
HISTORICAL CONTEX
TUDORS
Edward VI (1547-53)
- became king at the age of 9
- during his reign religious services in English
- book of common prayer
- he died from consumtion
Mary I (1553-58)
- wanted to restore Catholicism
- Bloody Mary: 300 protestant martyrs
Henry VIII (1509-47)
- became king at the age of 18
- married his broders widow Cathering the Aragon
- he wrote an attack on luther => defendere of the faith
- increased the navy from five to fourty ships
- he broke with the pope because he wanted to divource
- Act of Supremacy (1534)
- suppressed 400 monasteries and sold their lands to merchands
Elisabeth I (1558- 1603)
- England's golden age
- stability, religious toleration, victory at sea
- the rising star of Shakespeare
- reintroduced the Acts of Supremacy
- she never married because marriage is dangerous
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Danger from Scotland
- her cousin Mary queen of Scots hoped to receive help from her
- Elizabeth arrested her and executed her
Exploring the sea
- explore new lands and look for treasure
- South America (gold)
- Africa (slaves)
- Francin Drake (piracy, gold from Spanish ships)
The defeat of Spanish Armada
- 130 Spanish ships attacked England
- English ships won the battle
- England supremasy at the sea
one of the greatest English rulers
- people's love and consent
- defender of the nation and of peace
- unity and glory to England
Henry VII (1485-1509)
- first Tudor king of England
- Tudor rose
- high taxes and no aristocratic armies
- had to face several Yorkist plots
- he left England economically stable and at peace with France and Scotland
THE SONNET
- come from Italy
- greatest expression:
- Petrarca (1304- 74)
- canzoniere (1342-74)
- fourteen-line poem
- in iambic pentameter
- fixed rhyme scheme
Petrarchan sonnet
- an octave
- ABBA ABBA
- presents a situation
- turning point
- a sestet
- CDE CDE
- CDC DCD
- solution of the probem orpersonal reflection
- begins with: and, if, so, but, yet
Themes and language
- love for a lady and unhappiness because she cannot return his love
- madnes and despair
- frequent use of oxymoron
- the lover suffers yet he does non want the end of suffering
- the lady is beautiful yet cruel
Shakespearean sonnet
- 3 quartins
- ABAB CDCD EFEF
- theme or arguments
- a cuoplet
- use of conceits
- elaborate metaphor for the whole poem
- very popular in the last part of Elizabeth's reign
- sonnet collections named after a woman
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BIOGRAPHY
- born in Stratford-apoun-avon in 1564
- he married Anne Hathaway
- 3 children
- went to london to work as a writer
- received the support from a young nobleman to keep on writing
- in 1599 the Globe theatre was buid
- some of his plays were first performed
- the greatest tragedies were written 1595-1605
- he died in 1616
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