Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 2: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
Quan and Qual Differences
Differences include:
the general ideological orientation underlying the study
the method of data collection applied
the method of data analysis
the difference is not extremes, form a continuum
three basic sources of division
1) an ideological contrast
it is a part of ideological confrontation, where the social scientists challenge the hegemony of quantitave research in the middle of the twentieth century
qualitative inquiry: reformist movement
qualitative inquiry: rejection of the blend scientism, foundationalist epistemology, instrumental reasoning, and the philosophical anthropology of disengagement, Schwandt, 2000
2) a contrast in categorization
limitless information obtainable from the social world around us needs to be reduced to make it manageable
categories or code
Codes - the way they are generated, what they stand for, and the way they are used - lie at the heart of differences between quantitative and qualitative data and analysis tools
quan research
define the variables with well in advance and assign a logical scale of values to them, which can be expressed in numbers
coding tables for processing the table
the nature of the categories and the categorization processes in qual and quan are very different
qualitative categorization
not numerical, but verbal
left open and flexible = mengungkap nuansa halus dari proses investigasi
3) a contrast in the perception of individual diversity
object in social sciences: people
variation across individuals
Problem with samples
specific samples obtained vs. results of the research
Quan
the sample is a problem to be fixed
Solution
to take a large enough sample
perbedaan unik antar individu bisa ditanggulangi dengan memperbanyak sampel
a meaning in general strategy
Qual
quan model will lose the individual stories
the real meaning lies with individual cases who make up our world
It holds that there are multiple meanings to discover
a meaning in particular strategy
4) Statistics vs Researcher Sensitivity
Statistics
a sufficiently big sample size, the characteristics of the people will approach a very special pattern termed
'
normal distribution
'
bell-shaved curve
the greater sample = the more 'normal' the distribution and the more regular the curve becomes
It is a way out of the individual respondent variation dilemma
an elaborate set of statistical analytical tools to use to add systematicity to the data analysis phase - rather than to rely on the researcher's subjective interpretations
Quan attractions
systematic
'individua;-proof' nature
governed by precise rules and regulations
the regularity of the natural sciences
Researcher sensitivity
Qual research requires researcher's sensitivity, training, and experience
Qual attractions
sensitivity to the individual
In qual, we can uncover subtle meanings that are lost in quan
Quan vs. Qual in sum
categorizing the world
Quan
pre-determined numerical category system
Qual
emergent
flexible verbal coding
perceiving individual diversity
Quan
using large samples to iron out individual uniqueness
Qual
focusing on the unique meaning carried by individual organism
Analysing data
Quan
relying on the formalized system of statistics
Qual
relying on the researcher's individual sensitivity
Scope
a macro-perspective: structured and highly-regulated way of achieving a macro-perspective of the overreaching trends in the world
a micro-perspective: to represent a flexible and highly-context sensitive micro-perspective of the everyday realities of the world
Perbedaan antara quan dan qual akan mencolok jika hanya melihat pada
tataran abstraksi (teori)
taking theorizing to the level of abstraction of different worldviews, paradigms, and perspectives can logically lead to proposing What Rosman and Wilson (1985) called a 'purist' approach to research methodology, arguing that the qualitative and quantitative methodologies are mutually exclusive. (page 29)
pada tataran praktik, paradigma penelitian realis, interpretivist, dan teori kritik, sangat dekat denga pusat dan seringkali berkelindan (Miles and Huberman, 1995: 4-5)
Setiap pendekatan (qual dan quan) akan memiliki nilai jika diterapkan pada konteks penelitian yang tepat. Dalam istilah penelitian hal ini dinamakan sebagai
pendekatan situationalist
terhadap penelitian
Pendekatan situasional memiliki kelemahan, yaitu memisahkan antara qual dan quan dalam sebuah penelitian
Mixed methods
menjadi jalan yang menjembatani antara qual dan quan sehingga bisa berjalan beriringan dan memberikan interpreasi yang baru dan lengkap
to corroborate (menguatkan): menyediakan konvergensi dalam penemuan
to elaborate (merinci): menghadirkan kekayaan dan detail
to initiate (memulai): menawarkan penafsiran-penafsiran baru (Rossman and Wilson 1985: 627)
Quantitative
:<3:
History :green_cross:
Inspired by the spectacular progress of the natural sciences in the nineteenth century
scientific method
1) observing a phenomenon or identifying a problem
2) generating an initial hypothesis
3) testing the hypothesis by collecting and analysing empirical data using standardized procedures
numerical values and statistics
any knowledge one cannot measure numerically 'is a poor sort of knowledge' Lord Rutherfords
a tool to explore questions in an objective manner, trying to minimize the influence of any researcher bias or prejudice, thereby resulting in what scholars believed was
an accurate
and
reliable
description of the world
Main Characteristics of Quan
: :green_cross:
Using numbers
opens up a range of possibilities and sets of some limitations for reseachers
powerless; in research context they do not mean anything without contextual 'backing'
we need precise definitions of the content and the boundaries of the variables we use & exact descriptors for the range of values that are allowed within variables
A priori categorization
the work requires to specify the categories and values needed to be done
prior to
the actual study
the definitions and values of descriptors need to be unambiguous
the preparation in quan takes more time than in qual
Variables rather than cases
quan researchers are interested in the common features of group of people
quan research is centered around the study of variables that capture these common features and which are quantified by counting, scaling, or by assigning values to categorical data
Quan research aimed at identifying the relationships between variables by measuring them and often also manipulating them
Statistics and the language of statistics
much of the statistical terminology has become part of the QUAN Vocabulary
Qual researchers have gone to great lengths to try to replace some of the QUAN research terminology with QUAL specific language
Standardized procedures to assess objective reality
to eliminate any
individual-based subjectivity
from the various phases of the research process by developing
systematic canons and rules
for every facet of
data collection and analysis
Assumption: that there exists an objective reality, so that when different researchers observe the same phenomenon using standardized measures, their findings will show agreement and convergence
Quest for generalizability and universal laws
Strength and weakness of QUAN
:green_cross:
Strength
systematic, rigorous, focused, tightly controlled, precise measurement, reliable and replicable data, generalizable to other contexts
the process is relatively quick offers good value for money, the data can be analyzed using statistical computer software
high reputation among audience or stakeholders
Weakness
impossible to do justice to the subjective variety of an individual life
not sensitive in covering the reasons for particular observations
Qualitative
Mixed Method
The Writer Paradigmatic Stance