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Causes of WW1, July Crisis, Assassination of Franz Ferdinand(28th June),…
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July Crisis
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Required Serbia to take full responsibility for the assassination and get rid of Anti-Austrian groups, Serbia had 48 hours to respond
Serbian King agreed to all but the presence of Austria-Hungarian police in his country, Austria-Hungary prepared for war.
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1st August:
Tsar refuses, Germany declares war on Russia, France prepare to join Russia
2nd August:
Germany prepares to carry out the Schlieffen Plan, takes troops to the border with Belgium, Belgium refuses to allow troops to pass.
3rd August:
Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium, triggered 1839 treaty of London where Britain promised to protect Belgium, Britain asked the Germans to withdraw
4th August:
Germany ignores Britain's message, Britain declares war on Germany
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6th August:
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, all powers except Italy and USA are at war
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Balkan Crisis
1908, rebellion in Turkey
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Angered Serbia, who asked Russia for help.
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Many Bosnians were angry, formed secret opposition
Anglo-German Rivalry
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Kaiser's Aims
Weltpolitik
Believed Germany should be a global power, and as part of this he wanted an Empire that could rival France and Britain's, in the late 1800s, Germany began to conquer nations in Africa
Large and powerful navy
Kaiser wanted a large navy to help build and empire and be a rival to Britain, lots of money was spent and taxes were raised, Germany went into debt.
Consequences - Increased tensions, concerned Germany would take colonies, countries built up their own navys and prepared for war.
The Naval Race
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Germany built its own dreadnoughts, so Britain built super-dreadnoughts
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Land Power - by 1914, the 6 major powers spent almost £400 million between them on size and strength of their armies and navies, countries also introduced or increased conscription (except Britain).
The Alliance System
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Dual, Triple Alliance
1879 - Dual - Germany, Austria-Hungary
1882 - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Problems
If disagreement started between 2 nations, others could get dragged in, could result in a large war
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First Moroccan Crisis, 1905-1906
1)France wanted control of Morocco, and Britain supported this.
2)Germany was apposed. Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangier in Apr 1905 to openly pledge his support for Moroccan independence
Algeciras Conference, Jan 1906
Tensions were very high, war between France and Germany seemed likely.
To avoid conflict, all major powers met for a conference
Humiliating for Germany, majority agreed that France could have special rights in Morocco
He did this to:
-See how far France could be pushed
-Test Entente Cordial's strength
-Shows Germany was going to be involved in world affairs
Second Moroccan Crisis, 1911
1911 - Rebellion in Fez led to the sultan of Morocco to ask for France's help, France sent 20,000 troops.
Kaiser accused France of invading Morocco and sent the 'Panther' warship, Britain prepared for war.
Meetings prevented war, tension remained high
Consequences
Kaiser backed down, tension was high.
France took control of Morocco, Germany given land in the Congo
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Britain was convinced Germany was a threat, built up navy
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Balkan Wars
Results
Serbia - almost doubled, strongest Balkan nation
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Austria-Hungary saw Serbia's growth as a threat, particularly as it was aligned with Russia
Second Balkan War, Jun - Aug 1913
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Bulgarian king was unhappy with the amount of land, he fought he hadn't received a fair shar, and declared war on Serbia and Greece
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Disaster for Bulgaria, lost most of its land gained from the First Balkan War
Balkan League
Turkey - grew weaker, defeated in North Africa by Italy in 1911.
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria & Montenegro formed Balkan league to oppose Ottomans
Russia was supportive, saw it as an ally against Austria-Hungary
First Balkan War, Oct 1912 - May 1913
Balkan League vs Turkey, 50 days, 0.5 million soldiers
Turkey - defeated, withdrew from European territories at a conference in London.