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CHAPTER 13: GLADSTONE FIRST MINISTRY, 1868-1874 - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 13: GLADSTONE FIRST MINISTRY, 1868-1874
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Who was Gladstone?
Benthamite, laissez-faire + VS huge social reforms ("help people to help themselves")
Foreign po : peace and real politic (vs. Palmerston before) seen as a sign of weakness! => Ireland to be pacified for moral/practical reasons
In favour of "equality of opportunity" => abolish special privileges (army, civil service) + close to middle/working class ("Grand old man") but didn't advocate upheaval (only better conditions)
A committed christian (Anglican Church) => influenced by moral principles (God's will) + became more and more tolerant with nonconformists and roman catholics
Since the working class could vote, wanted to gain their votes => ++ in meetings/press coverage
His domestic reforms
Equality of opportunity reforms (uni, civil service, army)
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Civil Servant Reform (1871) => becoming a civil servant depended on results at an exam (no longer money or string-pulling)
Edward Carwell’s (secretary of war) army reforms => becoming an officier depended on merit and skills (no longer money) + improved conditions of soldiers + the Commander in chief became subordinated to the Secretary of War
Political reforms
Trade union reform => recognized as legal body (Trade Union Act) BUT the Criminal Law Enforcement Act forbade picketing => :angry: working class
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Social reforms
Licensing Act 1872 => fight alcoholism ( :forbidden:new pubs + closing bars) [working class :angry:]
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Gladstone and Ireland
Several grievances
Economic => after 1800 Union Act, free trade ruined Irish industry bc not competitive enough + English landlords in Ireland: very high rents
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Religious => 80% pop was catho, they had to pay tithes
Gladstone's response
1st Irish Land Act 1870 => landlords could no longer impose high rents++ and tenants could ask for compensation if evicted [but not efficient bc not concrete enough + Justice in favour of landlors]
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BUT not ready to grant Home rule (what Isaac Butt had been asking for) => Charles Parnell became + agressive
Desire to change, not to act with force as the predecessors
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1846-48 => great famines (1M died, 1M immigrated) + 1867 Fenians terrorist attacks in England
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