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ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 10am Section, Group 7 -…
ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 10am Section, Group 7
Shia
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They rose due to a political dispute about the succession to the Prophet Muhammad, where they believed that Ali b. Talib, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, was the heir.
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Twelvers: The largest branch of Shia Islam. The term refers to the belief in twelve imams, the last being Muhammad al-Mahdi who lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi.
Ismailiyya: Named after Ismail b. Ja’far who they recognize as their seventh imam, as opposed to the Twelvers who follow Ja’far’s younger son Musa al-Kazim.
Zaydiyya : The second largest Shia group after the Twelvers, are named after Zayd b. Ali who they consider their fifth imam.
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Schools of Theology
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Treats matter of iman (faith), Aqida. There are 6 pillars of faith that Aqida treats: god, prophets, holy books, angels, hereafter, predestination.
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Schools of theology were established around the same time as schools of jurisprudence, 2 main schools exist:
Mu3tazila: founded by Wasil B. Ata. They rationalize the aqeeda (they adopted the Mu3tazila creed).
Ash3ariya: Founded by Abu Al Hasan Al Ash3ari. They represent traditional approach to Islam.
Battle of Ash3ariyya vs Mu3tazila: Ash3ariyya win, entire Islamic world adopt Ash3ariyya creed.
Sufism
It is a combination of Spirituality, Asceticism, Mysticism.
Asceticism started in Basra during the Ummayad period, after which it turned into Mysticism with the incorporation of ‘love’.
• By the second half of the 9th century two schools emerged, the School of Sobriety and the School of Intoxication
Sufi orders or tariqa are attributed to founders and maintained by master-disciple relationships that conformed to orthodox Islam.
Famous Sufis include Al Ghazzali, Ibn Arabi, Jalal al-Din Rumi, and Rabi’a al-Adawiyya.
Muslim Brotherhood
Founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna , the Muslim Brotherhood is also active in other Arab and Muslim countries and has influenced other Islamic movements around the world.
The Muslim Brotherhood is not a political party, even if politics based on Islamic dogma is the essence of its thought and belief, nor is it a charity organization, even if charity work is one of its noblest goals.
By the end of 1948 the Muslim Brotherhood was dissolved by the Egyptian government for attacking British and Jewish interests.
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Wahhabism
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Abd al-Wahab pursued Sufism during his studies, namely the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya.
Spread his teachings and doctrines of Al tawheed within his hometown in Uyayna, Najd in modern day Saudi Arabia and later on throughout central Arabia.
Called for the strict adherence of Sharia Law and the emulation of the life of al Salaf al-Salih, and rejected the superstitious beliefs and the veneration of saints and anyone but God.
Met with Muhammad b Saud and formed an alliance with him that resulted in the creation of the first Saudi state.
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