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Involvement of Skeletal Muscle Protein, Glycogen, and Fat Metabolism in…

- - - - Increased DM intake
  - - - Due to Body Protein Degradation
  - - - Predictor of milk protein yield
  - - - Met metabolism to cystathione
        
        Predictor of fatty liver change
- - - - late allocation
    - - glycogen, fat, then protein
- - - - activation of glycolysis
    - - Highest expression of lactate dehydrogenase
    - - Falling TCA cycle enzymes
        
        both suggesting
        
        Pyruvate is shunted toward lactate (rather than AcCoA)
        
        TCA cycle ATP production is decreased
        
        Muscle lactate is the substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis
        (15-20% in early lactation)
  - - - GLUT4 in Oxidative muscle might compensate
      - GLUT1 might compensate for reduced GLUT4 in glycolytic muscle
  - - - aconitase and MDH downregulation in TCA cycle
    - - CK and ATP synthase (early lactation)
      - decreased AK1 expression (calving to 2nd week lactation)
        
        contribute to
        
        ATP homeostasis
        
        muscle energy metabolism
- - - - promote s Peroxisome-Proliferator-activated-receptor (PPAR)
        
        regulates FA metabolism
        
        also implicated in TGA synthesis and reducing feed intake in rat and pig
- - - - reduced protein
        synthesis
        
        evidence
        
        reduced Dj-1 protein
        
        reduced cell growth
        
        PEBP1 upregulation (Raf kinase inhibitor)
      - increased proteolysis
        
        reduced HSPB1 and alpha-crystallin
        
        responsible for: stabilize and prevent myofibril degradation
        
        suggests increased proteosomal degradation
      - apoptotic processes
        
        Bin1 upregulation
    - - propylene glycol
      - dietary protein
- - - - all reduced in muscle by week 4
- - - - indicates requirement for replenishing intramuscular fat depots
  - - - indicates need for ATP to compensate for diminished TCA cycle
- - - - Increased Choline acetyltansferase in presynaptic cholinergic neurons
        
        Cholinergic activation assoc. with increased food intake