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Non-tariff barriers, The essence of the financial methods of trade policy,…
Non-tariff barriers
The quantitative trade
restrictions
setting quotas
By the direction
export quotas
import quotas
economic results of the introduction of quotas
quotas are a more effective tool
they are more effective for rapid actions of administrative authorities
quotas are an absolute value
quotas are a direct source of monopoly profits
By scope
global quotas
individual quotas
licensing
an integral part of the quota.
an independent instrument of government regulation.
“voluntary” export restraints
Not regulated by international agreements
Do not result in immediate increase of prices
Can lead to a more restrictive nature if state trade policy
The essence of the financial methods of trade policy
The hidden trade restrictions
Technical barriers
National standards of quality
Economic requirements
Laws of consumer protection
Arise from non-correspondance of imported goods to the enforceable standard
Internal taxes and charges
Direct charges
Value added tax, excise taxes
Indirect charges
For custom clearance, port charges
Public procurement
Public authorities and enterprises buy only from national firms
Discriminates against foreign suppliers
Increases government expenditures
Local content agreement
Legal establishment of a share of the final product that has to be produced locally
Typically used by developing countries
Allow to restrict export or imports unilaterally
Dumping
Sporadic
Persistent
Predatory
Subsidies
Depending on the nature of payments
Direct
Indirect
According to specificity
legitimate
IIlegitimate
Depending on the entity
Domestic subsidies
Export subsidies
Providing an enterprise with direct subsidies
Payment of premiums after export operations
Introducing preferential
Direct and indirect delivery
Export credits